Sequence of tenses

Rule 2: Gaplarni ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda, bosh gapning kesimi o’tgan zamonda (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect) bo’lsa, ergash gapning kesimi ham unga moslashish uchun o’tgan zamonlarning birida bo’lishi shart.

BOSH GAP	E R G A SH G A P
	Ko’chirma gap	O’zlashtirma gap
Past Indefinite Past Continuous Past Perfect	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite
	Past Indefinite	Past Perfect(Past Indefinite)
	Future Indefinite	Future Indefinite in the Past
	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous(Past Continuous)
	Future Continuous	Future Continuous in the Past
	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
	Past Perfect	Past Perfect
	Future Perfect	Future Perfect in the Past
	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
	Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
	Future Perfect Continuous	Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

Examples:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
He said: “I watch TV every day”	He said that he watched TV every day
He said: “I watched TV yesterday”	He said that he (had) watched TV the last day
He said: “I will watch TV tomorrow”	He said that he would watch TV the following day
He said: “I’m watching TV now”	He said that he was watching TV then
He said: “I was watching TV at 2 yesterday”	He said that he had been watching TV at 2 the last day/He said that he was watching TV at 2 the last day
He said: “I will be watching TV at 2 tomorrow”	He said that he would be watching TV at 2 the following day
He said: “I have watched TV”	He said that he had watched TV
He said: “I had watched TV by 2 yesterday”	He said that he had watched TV by 2 the last day
He said: “I will have watched TV by 2 tomorrow”	He said that he would have watched TV by 2 the following day
He said “I have been watching TV for 2 hours”	He said that he had been watching TV for 2 hours
He said “I had been watching TV for 2 hours”	He said that he had been watching TV for 2 hours
He said “I will have been watching TV for 2 hours”	He said that he would have been watching TV for 2 hours

Note 1: the Past Perfect Tense va the Past Perfect Continuous Tense ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga o’zgarishsiz o’tadi:
Direct speech: “The film had finished by the time I got home” he said.
Reported speech: He said (that) he film had finished by the time he got home.
Note 2: Real (amalga oshadigan yoki amalga oshish ehtimoli bor bo’lgan) shart gaplarni ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda “the present simple” “the past simple”ga, “will” esa “would” ga o’zgaradi:
Direct speech: “If I have the time, I will come round” Lisa said.
Reported speech: Lisa said (that) if she had the time, she would come round.
Note 3: Noreal (amalga oshmaydigan) shart gaplarni ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda ular ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga hech qanday o’zgarishsiz o’tadi:
Direct speech: “If she had known, she would have helped us” Tony said.
Indirect speech: Tony said (that) if she had known, she would have helped us
Note 5: Tabiat qonuniga ko’ra bajariladigan yoki bajarilishi mutlaq haqiqat bo’lgan ish-harakat yoki voqea-hodisalarni ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirsak, ergash gapning kesimi o’zgarishi ham o’zgarmasligi ham mumkin:
Direct speech: “The sun sets in the west” the teacher said.
Indirect speech: The teacher said (that) the sun sets/set in the west.
Rule 3: Bosh gapning kesimi o’tgan zamonda bo’lgani holda modal fe’llar ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga quyidagicha o’tadi:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
* Could Can May * Must Must Have to Should Ought to Would Had better Will Shall	Could Could/Would be able to(kelasi zamonni anglatsa) Might Had to Must Had to Should Ought to Would Had better Would Should
DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
He said “I will have some tea.”	He said (that) he would have some tea.
He said” She can type very fast.”	He said (that) she could type very fast.
He said “I can talk to you tomorrow.”	He said (that) he could/would be able to talk to me the next day. (Kelasi zamon nazarda tutilyapti)
He said “They may come tomorrow.”	He said (that) they might come the next day
He said “What shall I tell her?”	He asked what he should tell her.
He said” You must stay in.”	He said (that) I had to stay in.
He said “She must be exhausted.”	He said (that) she must be exhausted.
He said “I have to take a taxi.”	He said (that) he had to take a taxi.
He said “You had better stay at home.”	He said that I had better stay at home.

§. Ko’chirma va o’zlashtirma gaplarda “must” modal fe’lining qo’llanishi:
a) Bosh gapning kesimi o’tgan zamonda bo’lgani holda “must” modal fe’li majburiylik, burchlilik, shartlilik ma’nolarida ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga “had to” shaklida o’tadi:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
Jack told me: “You must finish work” – Jek menga dedi: “Ishni tugatishing shart” He said,, I must be in time for work’’	Jack told me that I had to (must) finish work – Jek menga ishni tugatishim shartligini aytdi He said that he had to be in time for work.

b) Bosh gapnining kesimi o’tgan zamonda bo’lgani holda “must” modal fe’li taxmin va ta’qiq ma’nolarida ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga o’zgarmasdan o’tadi:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
Jack told me: “You musn’t smoke in the room” – Jek menga dedi: “Sen chekmasliging kerak” Jack told me: “Nick must be rich” – Jek menga dedi: “Nik boy bo’lsa kerak” Mother said to her son,, You mustn’t watch TV before you do homework.	Jack told me that I musn’t smoke in the room – Jek menga xonada chekishim mumkin emasligini aytdi Jack told me that Nick must be rich – Jek menga Nikni boy bo’lishi mumkinligini aytdi Mother said to her son that he mustn’t watch TV before he did homework.

c) Har qanday holatda (Bosh gapning kesimi hozirgi yoki o’tgan zamonlarda bo’lgan holatda) should va ought to modal fe’llari ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga o’zgarmasdan o’tadi.

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
Jack told me: “You should/ought to see the doctor” – Jek menga dedi: “Sen doktorga uchrashishing kerak”	Jack told me that I should/ought to see the doctor – Jek menga doktorga uchrashishim kerakligini aytdi.

Rule 4: Bosh gapning kesimi o’tgan zamonda bo’lgani holda ba’zi bir so’zlar ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga quyidagicha o’zgargan holda o’tadi:
Now → then, at that time, immediately
Today/tonight → that day, that night
Yesterday → the day before, the previous day, the last day
Tomorrow → the next day, the following day
This week → that week
Last week → the week before, the previous week
Next week → the after week, the following week
Two days ago → two days before
Here → there
Come → go
So/too very
The last previous
The next the following
Ago before
In (time) later
In two days two days later
§. 1) Darak gaplarni ko’chirma gapdan oz’lashtirma gapga aylantirganimizda bog’lovchi sifatida “that” olmoshi qo’llanadi va bu bog’lovchini gapda tushirib qoldirish ham mumkin:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
I said: “I don’t like tea” – Men dedim: “choyni yoqtirmayman” Jack said: “My brother has a car” – Jek dedi: “Akamnimg mashinasi bor”	I said (that) I didn’t like tea – Men choyni yoqtirmasligimni aytdim. Jack said (that) his brother had a car – Jek akasini mashinasi borligini aytdi.

2) Umumiy so’roq gaplarni ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirganda, bog’lovchi sifatida “if” “whether” qo’llanadi va gapda ularni tushirib qoldirish mumkin emas. O’zlashtirma gaplarda, gapning ergash gap qismida so’roq gap ishlatilishi mumkin emas:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
Jack asked me: “Do you live in Karshi?” – Jek menga dedi: “Qarshida yashaysizmi?” You asked Jack: “Are you a student?” – Siz Jekdan so’radingiz: “Talabamisan?”	Jack asked me if I lived in Karshi – Jek meni Qarshida yashash yashamasligimni so’radi. You asked Jack if he was a student – Siz Jekdan talabami yo’qmi so’zadingiz.

3) Maxsus so’roq gaplarni ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirsak, bog’lovchi sifatida so’roq olmoshlarining o’zi qo’llanadi:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
Jack asked me: “Where do you live?” – Jek mendan so’radi: “Qayerda yashaysiz?” Jack asked me: “What is your name?” – Jek mendan so’radi: “Isming nima?”	Jack asked me where I lived – Jek mendan qayerda yashashimni so’radi. Jack asked me what my name was – Jek mening ismim nima ekanligini so’radi.

4) Buyruq gaplarni ko’chirma gapdan o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirsak, bog’lovchi sifatida “to” yuklamasi qo’llanadi:

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
Jack ordered me: “Go to school” – Jek menga buyurdi: “Maktabga bor” The capitan commanded: “Blow the bridge” – Kapitan komanda berdi: “Ko’prikni portlating” The begger begged: “Donate me 100 sums” – Tilanchi yolvordi: “100 sum sadaqa bering”	Jack ordered me to go to school – Jek menga maktabga bor deb buyurdi. The capitan commanded to blow the bridge – kapitan ko’prikni portlatishga komanda berdi The begger begged to donate him 100 sums – Tilanchi 100 sum sadaqa so’rab yolvordi.

● Agar buyruq gaplar bo’lishsiz shaklda bo’lsa, o’zlashtirma gaplarda bog’lovchi sifatida “not to” yuklamasi qo’llanadi

Direct Speech:	Indirect Speech:
Jack ordered me: “Don’t go to school” The capitan commanded: “Don’t blow the bridge”	Jack ordered me not to go to school The capitan commanded not to blow the bridge