Some practice in translation

Transposition can also be effected within a Complex Sentence. The arrangement of Clauses in English is often governed by Syntactical hierarchy, whereas in Russian precedence is taken by logical considerations, e.g.
He started back and fell against the railings, trembling as he looked up.(W.M.Thackeray).
Взглянув наверх, он вздрогнул, отпрянул и, весь дрожа, прислонился к ограде.
Replacements
The Substitution of Parts of Speech is a common and most important Type of Replacements. Every word functions in the language as a member of a certain grammatical clause, that is, as a distinct Part of Speech: noun, verb, adjective or adverb. But the S and T languages do not necessarily have correlated words belonging to the same grammatical class. In such cases Replacements or [Replacements + additions] are necessary, e.g.
an early bedder – человек, который рано ложится спать;
to cut-vote somebody – получить больше голосов на выборах, чем …
The Times wrote editorially…– В передовой статье газета Таймс писала…
The Adverb is translated by a Noun modified by an Adjective.
A frequent use of Nominal Predicates and Phrase Predicates with the key notion expressed by a Noun or an Adjective often results in the replacement of a Noun by a Verb.
A professor of Essex University was critical of the Government social security policy.
Профессор Эссекского университета критиковал правительственную политику социального обеспечения.
Semantically link verbs are highly diversified. Sometimes it is hard to draw a clear demarcation line between a Nominal Predicate and a case of Secondary Predication.
The door at the end of the corridor sighed open and sighed shut again.(G.H.Cox).
Дверь в конце коридора еле слышно открылась и снова также еле слышно закрылась.
He took the bell-rope in his hand and gave it a brisk tug. (Conan Doyle).
Он схватил шнурок от звонка и резко его дернул.
A Phrase Predicate is replaced by a Verbal Predicate.