Some practice in translation

Translation of Neologisms
There are also 3 ways of rendering Neologisms in translation: 1. By Borrowings 2. By Translation Loans 3. By Descriptive or Interpreting Translation
By Borrowings: By borrowed words may be either transcribed or transliterated. e.g. hippy –хиппи; smog – смог. It should be noted that transcription of such words is not always exact, e.g. nylon – нейлон; laser – лазер.
By Translation Loans: Neutron bomb – нейтронная бомба.
By Descriptive or Interpreting Trnslation: Feedback – обратная связь, activism – агитационная деятельность, bugging – тайное наблюдение с помощью технических средств.
In some cases Neologisms may be regarded as non-equivalents and translated accordingly.
Translation of Words of Emotive Meaning
As has been pointed out some words contain an element of Emotive Evaluation. The Element of Emotive Meaning may be regarded as another Seme, and is an integral element of their semantic structure, e.g. love, hate, to cry, to suffer, etc.
Morphological factors may heighten the Emotive Meaning already contained in the semantic structure of a word. For instance, the Emotive Meaning inherent in the word “vexation” is intensified by the use of this word in the plural.
Despite the limitation on its jurisdiction, the International Court of Justice manages to smooth a considerable number of petty frictions, and keep them from becoming serious vexations. (P.Lyon).
Несмотря на такое ограничение своей юрисдикции, Международному Суду удается сглаживать значительное количество мелких трений и не давать им перерастать в серьезные конфликты.
The Emotive Meaning is created by connotations which may be positive or negative. In the following example
“the endless resolutions received by the National Peace Committee”
has positive connotations. Its correlated word “бесконечные” cannot be used in the translation of this phrase as it will evoke negative connotations: boring, dull. The right word to choose in this context is
“многочисленные (бесчисленные) резолюции, полученные Национальным Комитетом Мира”
The meaning of the English noun “blow” is neutral but when it is used with the preposition “for” or “against” it acquires positive or negative connotations respectively (help, oppose – The COD) whereas the Russian noun always evokes negative connotations.
The peaceful policy of the Soviet Union is a tremendous blow for peace.
Мирная политика Советского Союза является огромным вкладом в дело обеспечения мира.
The Russian verb “озарить” conveys positive connotations, e.g. “ее лицо озарила улыбка”, whereas its referential equivalent in English is evidently neutral.
Horror dawned in her face. (Victoria Holt)
На ее лице появилось выражение ужаса.
These connotations may form part of the same semantic structure of a word but they may also be due to its collocations with certain words and become permanent, compare: черная меланхолия, черная зависть, черная неблагодарность; розовые надежды, розовые очки, в розовом свете.