Replacements
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The Substitution of Parts of Speech is a common and most important Type of Replacements. Every word functions in the language as a member of a certain grammatical clause, that is, as a distinct Part of Speech: noun, verb, adjective or adverb. But the S and T languages do not necessarily have correlated words belonging to the same grammatical class.
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132
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Replacements of Sentence Types
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The usual Types of Replacements are the substitution of a Simple Sentence by a Complex Sentence and vice versa; of the Principal Clause by a Subordinate Clause and vice versa; the replacement of Subordination by Coordination and vice versa; the replacement of Asyndeton by Poly-Syndeton and vice versa. These kinds of Replacements are often caused by the existence of various complexes and structures in the English language
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136
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Rheme
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Every utterance falls into 2 parts – the so-called Theme and Rheme. The Rheme contains the information about the subject. The Rheme introduces some new information. As such Theme can sometimes introduce a new subject about which the Rheme gives some information. In this case the Indefinite article is used to indicate indefiniteness.
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116
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Scientific and Technical Terms
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Rendering of Scientific and Technical Terms: Terms are generally associated with a definite branch of science or technology. They tend to be mono-semantic in the given branch of science or technology and therefore easily call forth the required concept. They are translated by corresponding Russian terms: calorie – калория, equator – экватор, poly-semantic – многозначный, etc. but it should be borne in mind, that one and the same term may have different meanings in different branches of science and technology, e.g.: line – 1) контейнер, поточная линия; 2) трубопровод, etc. thus a term may sometimes be poly-semantic, e.g.: power (phys.) – сила, мощность, энергия; power (math.) – степень.
There is a special group of words of terminological nature: names of animals, birds, plants, natural elements, e.g.: tiger – тигр; cat – кошка; swallow – ласточка; lily-of-the-valley – ландыш; drought – засуха; rain – дождь; lightning – молния, etc.
The names of the rare or little known animals or plants are as a rule mono-semantic and have full equivalents: coyote – койот; armadillo – броненосец; porcupine – дикобраз; baobab – баобаб.
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137
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Scientific Prose Style
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What has been said in connection with the translation of official documents can be applied to the translation of Scientific Prose – physical science and natural science. The translation of official documents requires utmost precision. Equivalence in the rendering of form is to a considerable extent ensured by the existence of correlated SL and TL patterns. In the humanities and in popular Science Prose a certain emotive and subjective element is apparent.
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89
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Sing language interpreting
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When hearing person speaks, an interpreter will render the meaning of the speaker into the sign language used by the deaf party. When a deaf person signs, an interpreter will render the meaning expressed in the signs into the spoken language of the hearing party. This may be performed either as simultaneous interpreting or consecutive interpreting. Skilled sign language interpreters will position themselves in a room or space that allows them both to be seen by deaf participants and heard by hearing participants clearly and to see and hear participants clearly. In some circumstances, an interpreter may interpret from one sign language into an alternate sign language. Deaf people also work as interpreters. They team with hearing counterparts to provide interpretation for deaf individuals who may not share the standard sign language used in that country. They also relay information from one form of language to another – for example, when a person is signing visually, the deaf interpreter could be hired to copy those signs into a deaf-blind person's hand plus include visual information
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88
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Skopos
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The Greek expression “skopos” that means “aim” or “purpose” was introduced to translation theory by Hans Vermeer in the 1970s. Peter Hodges tends to disagree with this last point because he looks at skopos as a means of reflecting the ability of the translator.
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