Стилистика тилшуносликнинг ажралмас қисми бўлиб, у бадиий нутқнинг ифодаланиш услублари, уларнинг таъсирчанлиги ва умуман инсон нутқини ўрганадиган фандир

Exercises
1. Questions for discussions:
1. Give the definition of the expressive means of the language. 2. Bring the examples of EM on different levels of the language. 3. What is the linguistic essence of an SD? Bring the models of SDs. 4. What circumstances lead to hackneyed and trite SDs? Give the illustrations. 5. What is the notion of stylistic convergence?
2. Make the difference between a neutral and emotionally coloured variant of the following utterance:
1. "The girl's heart sank". The girl's heart went down. 2, "The shopping public is getting more "choosey". The shopping public is gelling mere careful and cautious in choosing goods. 3."She was shaken with grief. She was shocked with grief. 4. "What a sour face she has!" Her face expresses her bad temper. 5. "Give every man thine ear and few thy voice." Keep your mouth shut and your ears open. Listen to everybody but speak to few. 6."She broke his heart". She made him very sad. 7. "I was thunder-struck". I was amazed. 8. "She put all her eggs in one basket". She risked everything she had. 9. "I wouldn't be in your shoes for a thousand pound". I wouldn't like to be in your position.
B. 1. "Отамуйлантирамандеб, иккиоёғинибирэтиккасуқиболган". Отамуйлантирамандебўзфикринингамалгаошишиниқайсарликбиланталабқилмоқда. 2. Оқ кўнгилли одамҳаммагаёкади. Яхшиниятли, бошқаларгаёмонликравокўрмайдиганодамҳаммагаёқади. 3. "Қўлгаолўзингни! Ўз хатти-харакатингни иродангга бўйсундир. 4. "Ўпкангни бос!" Ҳовлиқма, тинчлан! 5. "Ўйчан оқшомлар!" Тинчва сокин оқшомлар. 6. "Чайқалади денгиз беором". Денгиз у ёндан бу ёнга тинмай тебранади. 7. "Кулгисўниб қолди". Кулги пасайди, кучсизланди. 8. "Аста-секин кўнглимдаги ҳасратлар тарқалди". Аста-секин кўнглимдаги ҳасратлар йўқ бўлди. 9. "Дўстим яна ишга шўнғиб кетди". Дўстим яна ишга қаттиқ киришиб кетди.


TYPESOFLEXICALMEANINGS
In order to define the linguistic nature of lexical SDs it is necessary to outline the notion of lexical meaning. This task is ofspecial importance because many lexical SDs are bused on the peculiar two fold use of lexical meanings.
Before we start analyzing different meanings of a word let's see what is a word. According to the definitions of our scientists "A word is a language sign that expresses a concept by its forms and meanings. By concept we mean an abstract or general idea of some phenomenon of objective reality including the subjective feelings and emotions of human beings. The scientists are not unanimous in their approach to the definition of lexical meaning. Some declare that meaning is the relation between the object or notion named, and the name itself (F. de Saussufe). Others believe that meaning is the situation in which (he word is uttered (Bloomfietd). The Russian linguists say that lexical meaning is the realization of the notion by means of a definite language system (I. Arnold).
It is a well-known fact that a word may have several meanings (polysemy). The study of a word and polysemy shows that the meaning "is the content of a two-facetlinguistic sign existing in unity with the sound form of the sign and distribution, i.e. its syntagmatic relations (I. Arnold).
When we study the meanings of a word we come across the notion of semantic structure. Thus, according to the definition given by I. Arnold "the word's semantic structure is an organized whole comprised by recurrent meanings and shades of meaning a particular sound complex can assume in different contexts, together with emotional or stylistic colouring and other connotations. " Among the lexical meanings we distinguish logical, emotive and nominal meanings.
Logical meaning is the exact and definite name of an object, phenomenon or idea. Sometimes it is also called denotative, referential or direct meaning. Let's see the illustration of the logical meaning of the following words: empty, having nothing inside, containing nothing: an empty box; fortune, chance, chance looked upon as a power deciding or influencing smb or smth; fate, good or bad luck coming to a person; moon, the body which moves round the earth once a month and shines at night by light reflected from the sun: men have explored the surface of the moon.
Logical meaning may be primary and secondary (derivative). The above-given examples are the primary logical meanings. The secondary logical meanings of these words are the following: empty, not meaning anything, not given satisfaction; feeling empty (colloq.) hungry; words empty of meaning, meaningless words, fortune, prosperity, success, great sum of money; a man of fortune, seek one's fortune in a new country.
The meanings which are not registered in dictionaries but which exist in our speech or written texts are called contextual meanings. They do not enter the semantic structure of the word and exist only in one text. For example, the word "a print" has the following dictionary meanings: 1. marks, letters etc. in printed form, clear print, in large print. 2. (Usually in compounds) mark left on a surface preserving the form left by the pressure of smth: finger-print, foot-print. But this noun has developed и new meaning on the basis of the contextual meaning: the whole amount of printed issue: The total print (of editions) is sold (in the meaning of edition). Many derivative meanings appeared on the basis of contextual meanings and later entered the semantic structure of a word. For example,' this we can see in such words as: a hit (to hit), a cut:
A hit — n. 1. blow, stroke; three hits and five misses; a clever hit. 2. Successful attempt or performance: song hits, songs that win wide popularity. The new play is quite a hit has been welcomed by the public. To hit the street — be successful, to hit tile ceiling — be angry.
A cut – n. 1. act of cutting, stroke with a sword, whip etc; result of such a stroke, a deep cut in the leg, cuts on the face aftershaving. 2. Reduction in size, amount, length, etc.: a cut in prices (salaries a cut in production; the second meanings of these two words are considered lo have derived from contextual meanings. It would be right to say that a word is not a complete unit and it has a tendency to generate new meanings.
Emotive meaning also realizes a concept in the word. It is not connected with objects, phenomena or ideas; it mostly deals with feelings and emotions of the people. It is a kind of evaluation of events and happenings around us. Compare the following utterance: your faithful and obedient servant.
Among words having emotive meanings we also distinguish the following: interjections, exclamatory words, oaths, swear-words, qualitative and intensifying adjectives and adverbs. Let's look through these groups of words.
Interjections comprise the following: О! АH! Oh! Alas! Hi! Hey! Pooh! Gosh!