Superconductivity, including high-temperature superconductivity
, 364 ͑1991͔͒. 11 P. M. Koenraad, A. C. L. Heessels, F. A. P. Blom, J. A. A. J. Pekenboom, and J. H. Wolter, Physica B 184
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- Influence of dislocations on the magnetic structure of two-dimensional anisotropic antiferromagnets
- INTRODUCTION
- CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL
25, 364 ͑1991͔͒.
11 P. M. Koenraad, A. C. L. Heessels, F. A. P. Blom, J. A. A. J. Pekenboom, and J. H. Wolter, Physica B 184, 221 ͑1993͒.
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13 Yu. F. Komnik, V. V. Andrievski , I. B. Berkutov, S. S. Kryachko, M. Myronov, and T. E. Whall, Fiz. Nizk. Temp. 26, 829 ͑2000͒ ͓Low Temp. Phys. 26, 609 ͑2000͔͒. 14 P. W. Anderson, E. Abrahams, and T. V. Ramakrishnan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 673 ͑1979͒.
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, Zh. E ´ ksp. Teor Fiz. 81, 768 ͑1981͒ ͓Sov. Phys. JETP 54, 411 ͑1981͔͒. 17 B. L. Altshuler, A. G. Aronov, M. E. Gershenzon, and Yu. V. Sharvin, Sov. Sci. Rev., Sect. A ͑Harwood Acad. Publ., Schur, Switzerland͒ 9, 223 ͑1987͒. 18
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͑1982͒. 19 V. Yu. Kashirin, Yu. F. Komnik, O. A. Mironov, C. J. Emeleus, and T. E. Whall, Fiz. Nizk. Temp. 22, 1174 ͑1996͒ ͓Low Temp. Phys. 22, 897 ͑1996͔͒. Translated by Steve Torstveit 602 Low Temp. Phys. 26 (8), August 2000 Krasovitsky et al.
Influence of dislocations on the magnetic structure of two-dimensional anisotropic antiferromagnets O. K. Dudko * and A. S. Kovalev B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Lenina 47, 61164 Kharkov, Ukraine ͑Submitted April 24, 2000͒ Fiz. Nizk. Temp. 26, 821–828 ͑August 2000͒ For an easy-plane antiferromagnet having anisotropy in the easy plane and containing an edge dislocation, a two-dimensional model is formulated which generalizes the Peierls model to the case of coupled fields of magnetization and elastic displacements. The proposed model is used to obtain a system of one-dimensional nonlinear integrodifferential equations for the two coupled fields. In the case of ideal crystal structure of the antiferromagnet this system of equations has a solution for a domain wall containing a Bloch line, the structure into which the magnetic vortex is transformed when the single-ion anisotropy is taken into account. In the presence of a dislocation a complex magnetostructural topological defect arises in the form of a 180° domain wall terminating on the dislocation. © 2000 American Institute of
͓S1063-777X͑00͒01108-7͔ INTRODUCTION The synthesis of new quasi-two-dimensional and two- dimensional ͑2D͒ layered magnets has aroused both theoret- ical and experimental interest in the study of the dynamics and structure of topological excitations ͑magnetic vortices and disclinations ͒ in magnetically ordered media. 1–8
The low-temperature phase transition to a magnetically ordered state in 2D easy-plane magnetic systems is accompanied by the formation of a large number of magnetic vortices. When the anisotropy in the easy plane is taken into account, these vortices are transformed into domain walls containing Bloch lines. It is also known that in 2D systems it is easier to form structural topological defects — the two-dimensional ana- logs of dislocations. These circumstances point to the neces- sity of studying the influence of magnetic and structural to- pological excitations on one another. The situation is particularly interesting in the case of an antiferromagnet ͑AFM͒. First, the majority of 2D magnets are Heisenberg AFMs with single-ion easy-plane anisotropy and weak an- isotropy in the easy plane. 7 Second, unlike ferromagnets, AFMs have, in addition to the usual weak magnetoelastic interaction, a strong magnetoelastic interaction of a topologi- cal nature which requires an essentially nonlinear treatment. As was first shown qualitatively in Refs. 9 and 10, this to- pological interaction in AFMs leads to coupling of disloca- tions and magnetic disclinations or domain walls. When the uniaxial anisotropy in the easy plane is taken into account, the domain wall should terminate on a dislocation, and this can lead to a change in the density of dislocations at the Ne´el phase transition point and, consequently, exert an influence on the elastic and plastic properties of 2D AFMs. The problem of constructing an analytical description of a complex 2D topological magnetoelastic defect is compli- cated even in the framework of a 1D model. A generalization of the 1D Frenkel–Kontorova model to the case of two coupled fields in such a defect was proposed in Ref. 11. The model of Ref. 11 permitted investigation of such a defect, but in view of its one-dimensional character it led to incor- rect asymptotic behavior of the fields at large distances from the center of the defect. In Ref. 12 a 2D model was proposed which generalized the well-known Peierls model to the case of coupled fields and which is also a generalization of the model used in Ref. 11. Without taking into account the an- isotropy in the easy plane, this model described an isolated magnetic vortex and also a complex magnetostructural topo- logical defect, constituting a magnetic disclination coupled with a dislocation. In the present paper we upgrade the model proposed in Ref. 12 by incorporating additional easy- axis anisotropy in the easy plane of an AFM. The model developed here describes both a domain wall containing a Bloch line in an ideal AFM and a domain wall terminating on an edge dislocation in an AFM. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL Consider the case of an edge dislocation in a two- sublattice easy-plane AFM with strong easy-plane anisotropy and an additional weak anisotropy in the easy plane with a checkerboard ordering of the spins. The ideal ordering of the spins in such a system cannot be realized, since there will always be a line that terminates on the dislocation and along which the orientation of neighboring spins is ferromagnetic, i.e., unfavorable. In the case of an easy-plane AFM with an isotropic easy plane this frustration is overcome by the for- mation of a magnetic disclination associated with the dislo- cation, in which the total rotation of the antiferromagnetism vector on a turn around the center of the dislocation is equal to . 12 When even a weak easy-axis anisotropy in the easy plane is taken into account, the magnetic disclination is transformed into a 180° domain wall, which compensates the rotation of the spins by the angle . The distribution of the magnetization in an easy plane (x,z) containing a dislocation at the point x ϭzϭ0 and possessing easy-axis anisotropy along the x axis in the easy plane is shown in Fig. 1 ͑the domain wall lies along the line z ϭ0, xϾ0). We note that in LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS VOLUME 26, NUMBER 8 AUGUST 2000 603 1063-777X/2000/26(8)/6/$20.00 © 2000 American Institute of Physics Ref. 9 a somewhat different situation was considered, where the AFM had fourfold symmetry in the easy plane. In that case two 90° domain walls terminated on the dislocation. Unfortunately, the analytical solution of the problem of the distribution of the magnetization around a topological defect ͑Bloch line͒, even in an ideal AFM without a dislocation, is a complicated mathematical problem, 13 and it is impossible to write an exact solution in analytical form. The situation is even more complicated in an AFM containing structural de- fects ͑2D dislocations͒. In order to have the possibility of constructing an analytical description of topological defects in this case we limit the description to a model AFM with strong anisotropy of the elastic and magnetic properties in different directions: ␣ ӷ
( ␣ and  are the constants of the elastic interaction along the x and z directions, respectively ͒,
1 ӷJ 2 (J 1 and J 2 are the exchange interaction constants along these directions ͒. Since the domain wall energy is given by the expression E
ϭ ͱ ␥ J, where ␥ is the param- eter of the weak anisotropy in the easy plane and J is the exchange integral in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the domain wall, in the case of the indicated spatial an- isotropy of the magnetic properties the minimum-energy configuration corresponds to a domain wall oriented along the x direction. 1 ͒
͑the x coordinate͒ and m ͑the z coordinate͒. For describing the elastic subsystem we restrict consideration to a scalar model and denote by u
the displacement of the nm-th atom relative to the equilibrium position and by
the deviation of the spin of the nm-th atom from the easy (x) axis in the (x,z) plane. Numerical calculations have shown that when the easy-plane anisotropy exceeds a certain critical value, all the spins in the nonuniform states lie in the easy plane and can be characterized by a single scalar quantity
͑Ref. 14͒. The energy of the elastic subsystem is written in the form
el ϭ ͚ nm ͭ ␣ 2 ͑u n,m Ϫu n Ϫ1,m ͒ 2
 a 2 4 2 ͫ 1 Ϫcos
2
͑u
Ϫu n,m Ϫ1 ͒ ͬ ͮ , ͑1͒ where a is the lattice parameter along the x direction. The nonlinearity of the second term lets one take into account the displacements at the core of the dislocation, which are com- parable to the lattice parameters. The density of the magnetic subsystem has the form E magn
ϭ ͚
ͫ
1 cos ͑
Ϫ
Ϫ1,m ͒ϩJ 2 cos
͑
Ϫ
Ϫ1 ͒ ϫcos a ͑u n,m Ϫu n,m Ϫ1 ͒Ϫ ␥ 2 cos 2
ͬ .
The presence of an extra atomic chain ͑see Fig. 1͒ in the half space above the slip line of the dislocation (z ϭ0) leads to the situation that, for a fixed ideal spin orientation, the spins of neighboring chains adjacent to the slip line are fer- romagnetically ͑unfavorably͒ ordered. The second term in expression ͑2͒ takes this circumstance into account and thus describes the topological interaction of the magnetic and elastic subsystems. 11 To take into account the checkerboard AFM ordering it is convenient to change from the functions
to the new functions
ϭ
for n ϩmϭ2s and
ϭ n,m ϩ for n ϩmϭ2sϩ1 (s is an integer͒. In terms of the new variables
expressions ͑1͒ and ͑2͒ imply the following form of the static equations for the atomic dis- placements u n,m and the spin deviations
: ␣ ͑2u n,m Ϫu n Ϫ1,m Ϫu
ϩ1,m ͒ϩ 
2 ͫ sin 2 ͑u n,m Ϫu n,m ϩ1 ͒ a ϩsin
2 ͑u n,m Ϫu n,m Ϫ1 ͒ a ͬ ϩ a J 2 ͫ cos ͑ n,m Ϫ n,m Ϫ1 ͒ ϫsin ͑u n,m Ϫu n,m Ϫ1 ͒ a Ϫcos͑
n,m ϩ1 Ϫ n,m ͒ ϫsin ͑u n,m ϩ1 Ϫu n,m ͒
ͬ ϭ0,
͑3͒ J 1 ͓sin͑ n,m Ϫ n Ϫ1,m ͒ϩsin͑
Ϫ
ϩ1m ͔͒ ϩJ 2 ͫ sin ͑
Ϫ
Ϫ1 ͒cos
͑u n,m Ϫu n,m Ϫ1 ͒ a ϩsin͑
n,m Ϫ n,m ϩ1 ͒cos ͑u n,m ϩ1 Ϫu n,m ͒
ͬ ϩ
2 sin 2
n,m ϭ0.
Taking the topological magnetoelastic interaction into ac- count has led to coupling of the equations for the elastic and magnetic subsystems ͑we have not taken into account the usual weak magnetoelastic interaction of the form (u n,m Ϫu n Ј ,m Ј )cos(
n,m Ϫ n Ј ,m Ј )).
The slip line of the dislocation ͑the line zϭ0) divides the (x,z) plane into two half spaces, in which the relative displacements of neighboring atoms and the relative devia- tions of neighboring spins are small, and therefore in these half spaces one can use a long-wavelength description in the framework of equations for u(x,z) and (x,z): ␣ a 2 ץ 2 u ץ
2 ϩ
˜ b 2 ץ 2 u ץ
2 ϭ0,
͑4a͒ FIG. 1. Distribution of the magnetization in an easy-plane AFM with a checkerboard ordering of the spins in the presence of a domain wall termi- nating on an edge dislocation. 604 Low Temp. Phys. 26 (8), August 2000 O. K. Dudko and A. S. Kovalev J 1
2 ץ
ץ
2 ϩJ 2 b 2 ץ 2 ץ z 2 Ϫ ␥ 2 sin 2 ϭ0,
͑4b͒ where b is the lattice constant in the z direction, and 
ϭ  ϩ 2 J 2 /a 2 Ϸ  is the elastic coupling constant renormalized with allowance for the magnetoelastic interaction. This renormalization leads to a small change in the size of the dislocation core ͑with an order of smallness equal to the ratio of the magnetic interaction to the elastic ͒. It is seen from equations ͑4͒ that inside the two half spaces (z Ͼ0 and zϽ0) the fields of the elastic displace- ments u(x,z) and spin deviations (x,z) are independent, and the coupling of these two fields occurs only in the dis- location core and in the domain wall x Ͼ0, zϭ0. In the re- gion of the dislocation core the relative atomic displacements in the atomic rows adjacent to the boundary of the half spaces, u ϩ ϭu(zϭϩb/2) and u Ϫ ϭu(zϭϪb/2), can differ by a quantity of the order of interatomic distance a, and the relative spin deviations ϩ
Ϫ near the domain wall can be of the order of . Therefore the interaction across the bound- ary must be taken into account exactly: E s ϭ  a 2 4 2 ͫ 1 Ϫcos
2
͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒ ͬ ϪJ 2 cos ͑ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ͒cos
͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒. ͑5͒ Here the solution of the bulk problem ͑4a͒, ͑4b͒ ͑e.g., for the upper half space z Ͼ0) is supplemented at the boundary be- tween the two half spaces by the following boundary condi- tions:
 a sin 2 ͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒
ϩ 2 J 2
cos ͑
ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ͒sin
͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒
ϭϪ 
2 ץ ͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒
z , ͑6a͒ 2J 2 sin ͑ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ͒cos ͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒
ϭϪJ 2
2 ץ
ϩ Ϫ ͒ ץ z . ͑6b͒ Since the elastic interaction is much greater than the mag- netic, the second term on the left-hand side of ͑6a͒ can be dropped, and the constant 
 . In the absence of anisotropy in the easy plane ( ␥ ϭ0) equations ͑4͒, which then become linear, can be solved, and one can easily find the relation between the derivatives ץ
Ϯ /
z and ץ Ϯ / ץ z in ͑6a͒ and ͑6b͒ with the quantities ץ
Ϯ / ץ x and ץ Ϯ / ץ x at the boundary. Then the boundary conditions ͑6͒ are converted to a closed system of one- dimensional integrodifferential equations for the functions u Ϯ (x) and Ϯ (x). 12 In our case this approach is impossible because of the nonlinearity of Eq. ͑4b͒. Therefore, for a qualitative solution we use a piecewise-linear approximation for the single-ion anisotropy energy in the easy plane, replacing the term Ϫ(1/2) ␥
2
in ͑2͒ by
␥ n,m 2 /2. This replacement is jus- tified by the fact that in the case of a domain wall terminat- ing on a dislocation or a domain wall containing a Bloch line, the functions ͉ Ϯ ͉ are strictly less than /2. Indeed, it is seen in Figs. 1 and 2 that in the first case we have Ϫ /2 ϩϽ
ϩ Ͻ0, and in the second case Ϫ /2 ϩϽ
ϩ Ͻ /2 Ϫ. The value of is easily found from the solution of equation ͑4b͒ for a uniform domain wall: ϭ2 arctan exp ͫ Ϫ
b ͩ ␥ J 2 ͪ 1/2 ͬ . ͑7͒ Taking this solution at z ϭb/2 and using the inequality ␥ ӶJ 2 , we find that ϭ 1
ͱ ␥ /J 2 . For the piecewise-linear approximation of equation ͑4b͒ we have J 1
2 ץ
ץ
2 ϩJ 2 b 2 ץ 2 ץ z 2 Ϫ ␥ ϭ0, zϾ0, ͑8͒ and the solution for the uniform domain wall ͑7͒ simplifies to ͑zϾ0͒ϭ 2 exp ͫ Ϫ
b ͩ ␥ J 2 ͪ 1/2 ͬ . ͑9͒ In the proposed approach for the linear equations ͑4a͒ and ͑8͒ we can use the well-known Green functions and express the solutions u(x,z) and (x,z) in terms of the effective forces acting on the boundaries z ϭϮb of the half spaces: f ϩ ϭϪ  a 2 sin 2 ͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒
Ϫ
J 2 cos ͑ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ͒sin ͑u ϩ Ϫu͒ a , ͑10͒ f˜ ϩ ϭϪJ 2 sin
͑ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ͒cos ͑u ϩ Ϫu Ϫ ͒
. ͑It should be kept in mind that the bulk forces which were used in finding the solutions for y and in the half spaces have the
form f (x,z) ϭb ␦ (z)2 f Ϯ (x) and
ϭb ␦ (z)2 f˜ Ϯ (x). ͒ FIG. 2. Distribution of the magnetization in an AFM in the presence of: 1 ͒ a domain wall in the x direction, containing a vortex ͑the shaded region͒ with a Bloch point, and 2 ͒ a domain wall along the z axis. 605
Low Temp. Phys. 26 (8), August 2000 O. K. Dudko and A. S. Kovalev Introducing the relative displacements of the atoms at the boundaries of the half spaces, w ϭ
ϩ Ϫu Ϫ )/a, and the relative rotations of the spins at these boundaries, ϭ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ , and using the Green functions for the Laplace and Klein–Gordon equations, we obtain integral expressions for the fields in the half spaces: u ͑x,zѥ0͒ϭϯ 1 2
2 l ͵ Ϫϱ ϩϱ ln ͫ ͑xϪx Ј ͒ 2 ␣
2 ϩ
2 
2 ͬ
ϫsin w͑x Ј ͒dx Ј , ͑11͒ ͑x,zѥ0͒ϭϯ 1
͵ Ϫϱ ϩϱ K 0 ͩͩ ͑xϪx Ј ͒ 2 2 ϩ z 2 2 ͪ 1/2 ͪ ϫcos w sin
Ј . ͑12͒ where K 0 (k) is the Macdonald function and we have intro- duced the parameters l ϭa ͱ ␣
 , l˜ ϭa ͱ
1 /J 2 , ϭb ͱ
2 /
, and
ϭa ͱ
1 /
. These last two parameters describe the ‘‘magnetic lengths’’ in the z and x directions, respectively. Download 2.75 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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