Synchronic and diachronic approaches to the study of word formation contents chapter I

Chapter two

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   Diachronic approach
   

A language's evolution across time is studied in diachronic linguistics.

One of the two primary temporal aspects of language study recognized by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics is diachronic linguistics (1916). Synchronic linguistics is the other. Diachrony and synchrony refer, respectively, to a stage in language evolution and a condition of language. Théophile Obenga claims that "diachronic and synchronic linguistics intertwine" in practice ("Genetic Linguistic Connections of Ancient Egypt and the Rest of Africa," 1996). Diachronic studies examine the causes of various phenomena and how they alter across time.

"Diachronic, which literally translates to "across time," refers to any work that charts the changes, divisions, and mutations of languages over time. In broad strokes, it is comparable to evolutionary biology, which monitors the movements and changes in rocks. Since Saussure's definition refers to an atemporal linguistics that proceeds without time, which abstracts away from the influences of the centuries and examines language at a specific, frozen moment, the word synchronic, which literally means with-time, is deceptive in this context."(The Linguistic Wars, by Randy Allen Harris, Oxford University Press, 1993)

"The "synchronic-diachronic" difference, which is still strong in twenty-first-century linguistics, was accepted by the majority of Saussure's successors. In practice, this means that it is considered a principle or linguistic method violation to include data pertaining to diachronically diverse states in the same synchronic analysis.

Therefore, quoting Shakespearean forms in support of, say, an examination of Dickens' grammar would be seen as unacceptable. When it comes to criticizing linguists who mix together synchronic and diachronic facts, Saussure is very harsh."
(Roy Harris, "Linguists After Saussure," in Paul Cobley's The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics, 2001)

"One of the topics covered by historical linguistics, a branch of linguistics that focuses on language's historical facets, is language change. In order to refer to the study of language (or languages) at multiple times and historical phases, the term diachronic linguistics may occasionally be used in place of historical linguistics." (Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed., The MIT Press, 2001) Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demer, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish.

For many academics who identify their profession as "historical linguistics," one viable area of study entails a concentration on older synchronic grammatical systems rather than changes across time. This method, known as "old-time synchrony," has left its mark through a number of studies that provide synchronic analyses of specific syntactic constructions, word-formation processes, (morpho)phonological alternations, and the like for various earlier (pre-modern or at least early modern) stages of languages....

The inter relationship between synchronic and diachronic approach have discussed with the following diagram…

We can deduce from the diagram above that the synchronic axis of simultaneity is denoted by the letter AB. That concludes the facts about language as they stand in the present. The diachronic axis of succession, or CD, is a hypothetical time-traveling line. the process by which language has developed historically. Any point on AB can come into contact with CD. because a number of simultaneous facts about language will exist at any given time. X is the spot on CD in the diagram.

"One of the topics covered by historical linguistics, a branch of linguistics that focuses on language's historical facets, is language change. In order to refer to the study of language (or languages) at multiple times and historical phases, the term diachronic linguistics may occasionally be used in place of historical linguistics." (Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed., The MIT Press, 2001) Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demer, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish

For performing significant work on the diachronic development of a language, gathering as much synchronic information as possible about a previous stage of that language must be seen as a required prerequisite. Even while it may be a noble goal, investigating the synchrony of earlier language states purely for the purpose of (synchronic) theory-building does not qualify as historical linguistics in the sense that is literally dia-chronic (through-time) that we are trying to establish here. Diachronic linguistics and historical linguistics are therefore not the same, at least not in a technical sense, as only the latter involves research on "old-time synchronization" for its own sake, without an emphasis on language development. (Richard D. Janda and Brian D. Joseph, "On Language, Change, and Language Change," in B. D. Joseph and R. D. Janda, editors, The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Blackwell, 2003)

Due to sound variations in the stem, the rarity of a root, or both, diachronic derivational relations are not evident. For instance, the term vaatama, which means "to look, to watch," is diachronically derived from the stem valvama, which means "to guard, to watch," and was reconstructed as *valva-tta-ma.

The variety valatama, in which there has been an irregular contraction of syllables, is noted in the old literary Estonian (1600). (see EEW: 3610). The noun keel, which means "tongue; language; string," is likely the source of the substantive klus, "tendon, sinew," and dial. "lace, string, cord." The derivative has undergone sporadic velarization, as shown in Finnish kielus (a string used to tighten or fix a snare) kieli (a tongue, language, or thread) (see SKES: 188, EEW: 1116, and SMS 7: 44). The variation with a regular stem keelus is also mentioned in Estonian from the 19th century.

The adverb kinni, which means "shut, closed; fast, fixed; occupied, engaged, active," shares the same stem as the adjective kindel, meaning "firm; sure; safe." ( perhaps an old lative form *knti-k; see Finnish kiinni, Lude kii, and Estonian dial. kindi) (see EEW: 831, 835). the integration of. Synchronic studies examine the relationships between things (how pieces work together) at any given moment.
A diachronic method in linguistics involves contrasting the present state of language with its historical evolution. Because they have a common ancestor and comparison is the method for reconstructing this ancestor, diachronic linguists occasionally compare various present cognate languages (for example, when we lack written materials).
A diachronic perspective on phraseology may offer us the solution to comprehend the nature of the phenomenon, helping to construct the field as a whole. A diachronic perspective on phraseology may offer us the solution to comprehend the nature of the phenomenon, helping to construct the field as a whole.
Mark Aronoff contends that Saussure upended a 19th-century tradition of evolutionary explanation in linguistics by rooting linguistic theory in synchronic conditions as opposed to diachrony. By way of Roland Barthes and Jean-Paul Sartre, for example, a dualistic antagonism between synchrony and diachrony has been introduced into philosophy and sociology. It was also employed for psychoanalysis by Jacques Lacan. [6] Prior to de Saussure, Polish linguists Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and Mikoaj Kruszewski of the Kazan School independently explored many of the same ideas under the titles statics and dynamics of language. Diachronic (historical) phonology investigates and develops theories on the alterations and changes in speech sounds and sound systems over time. For instance, it is concerned with how the English words "sea" and "sight," which were originally spoken with various vowel sounds...

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