Task – ‘Open-source’ task. Theory – 10 point task – a ‘Open-source’ task. Find/identify main postulates of given great thinker/scholar [from Martin Griffiths

anthony d. smith
Anthony D. Smith is a British political and cultural sociologist who is best known for his contributions to the study of nationalism. His main postulates in the field of International Relations are as follows:

1. 
   The concept of ethnic identity is the basis for nationalism.
   
2. 
   Nationalism is a product of modernity and is closely linked to the development of the nation-state.
   
3. 
   Nationalism is not just a political ideology, but also a cultural and psychological phenomenon.
   

Illustrations of events/cases in IR that demonstrate these postulates include:

1. 
   The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of new nation-states: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was followed by the emergence of several new nation-states. This process was driven by the ethnic identities of the different groups within the Soviet Union and demonstrates Smith's belief that nationalism is closely linked to the development of the nation-state.
   
2. 
   The Balkan Wars: The Balkan Wars of the 1990s, which involved the breakup of Yugoslavia, illustrate Smith's idea that nationalism is a product of modernity and is closely tied to the development of the nation-state.
   
3. 
   The Scottish independence movement: The Scottish independence movement, which seeks to establish Scotland as an independent nation-state, is an example of the cultural and psychological aspect of nationalism. This movement is driven by a strong sense of Scottish identity and demonstrates Smith's belief that nationalism is not just a political ideology, but also a cultural and psychological phenomenon.
   

friedrich kratochwil
Friedrich Kratochwil was a German political scientist who made significant contributions to the field of International Relations (IR). Some of the main postulates of Kratochwil are:

1. 
   Social constructivism: Kratochwil was one of the earliest scholars to adopt a social constructivist approach to IR, which emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and institutions in shaping state behavior. He argued that states' identities and interests are not fixed but are instead constructed through interaction with other states and non-state actors.
   
2. 
   Rule-based norms and institutions: According to Kratochwil, international norms and institutions are essential for regulating state behavior and resolving conflicts. He argued that norms and institutions are the products of historical and cultural experiences, and they shape the ways in which states interact with each other.
   
3. 
   Interpretation and practices: Kratochwil stressed the importance of interpretation and practices in shaping state behavior and international norms. He argued that the meaning of norms and institutions is not fixed, but is instead constantly reinterpreted and redefined through the practices of state and non-state actors.
   

Illustrations of these postulates in IR include:

1. 
   European Union (EU): The EU is a classic example of Kratochwil's social constructivist approach to IR. The EU has created a supranational institution that has helped to shape the identities and interests of its member states and has facilitated cooperation and integration among them.
   
2. 
   NATO bombing of Serbia: The NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999 is an illustration of Kratochwil's view of interpretation and practices. The bombing was justified by NATO on the basis of the responsibility to protect (R2P) norm, which was reinterpreted and redefined through the practices of NATO states.
   
3. 
   Climate Change: Climate change is an example of the role of norms and institutions in shaping state behavior in IR. The Paris Agreement of 2015 is a key international norm and institution that has been established to address the challenge of climate change. This agreement is a result of the practices of state and non-state actors, and it continues to shape state behavior and the discourse on climate change.