The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison

1.The VERB-type combinability:
a. with nouns expressing the object of the action
b. with nouns expressing the subject of the action (in semi-predicative complexes)
c. with modifying adverbs
d. with auxiliary finite verbs (word-morphemes) in the analytical forms of the verb

The ADJECTIVE-type combinability: with the modified nouns, some modifying adverbs (adverbs of degree).

The ADVERB-type combinability: with the modified verbs.

The self-positional PARTICIPLE I, in the proper syntactic arrangements, performs the functions of the predicative, the attribute, the adverbial modifier of various types.
The PARTICIPLE I, similar to the INFINITIVE, can build up semi-predicative complexes of objective and subjective types. The 2 groups of complexes may exist in parallel.
A peculiar use of the PARTICIPLE I is seen in the absolute participial constructions of various types, forming complexes of detached semi-predication:
Ilyish: The ing-forms There is no external difference between the Gerund and the Participle I, they are complete homonyms.
The difference: The Gerund has substantival qualities besides the verbal ones; The Participle I has adjectival qualities besides the verbal ones и The Gerund may be the subject and the object of the action, rarely attribute, The Participle is an attribute first and foremost.
The opposition between them is neutralized in: Do you mind my smoking? (gerund)

4. 
   The verb. Classification of verbs.
   

General. The verb is a part of speech denoting action or state. However, there are some verbs, which have other meanings – modal verbs, link verbs etc.
Grammatical categories. Tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time & expresses relations between the time of the action and that of the utterance.
Voice – active and passive(object becomes subject).
Mood – there 3 types of mood in eng:
The Indicative shows that what is said must be regarded as a fact (so, it has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in active and passive forms).
The Imperative expresses a command or request to perform an action, addressed to sb, but not the action itself.
The Subjunctive is the category which is used to express non-facts-unreal actions and facts(here are 3 types of conditionals).
Aspect, in general, shows the way or manner, in which the action is performed,i.e. Whether the action is im/perfective, momentary, durative etc. Continious and common aspect.
Perfect is constituted by the opposition of the perfect and non-perfect.
Formation. Suffixes/prefixes. Conversion(water-to water). Compound combination(to blackmail).
Transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive are verbs that have direct objects(he invited me), intransitive cant have direct object of their own(I live in Krasnodar).
Detransitive:t-in: open-открывать-(ся), drop-ронять-падать, begin-начинать-(ся), grow-выращивать-расти.