The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison

Present participle is formed by adding the ending -ing to the base form and is used in the formation of the continuous tenses and perfect continuous tenses: We are reading a new book. Present participle can also function as an adjective: a sleeping child, a dancing girl.
Past participle is formed (regular verbs)by adding the ending -ed to the base form: saved, played, answered; irregular verbs form the past participle mostly by changing the root: sold, written, done. Past participle is used in the formation of the perfect tenses and tenses in the passive: He has written two letters. Past participle can also function as an adjective: a broken window, a written exam.
Gerund is formed by adding the ending -ing to the base form: smoking. A gerund functions as a noun, for example: Walking is good for your health. Gerunds can be in active, perfect, and passive forms, of which the simple active form is the most common. Examples: He remembers giving the money to that man. He remembers having given the money to that man. That man doesn't remember being given the money. That man doesn't remember having been given the money.

5. 
   The verb. The category of tense
   

General. The verb is a part of speech denoting action or state. However, there are some verbs, which have other meanings – modal verbs, link verbs etc.
Grammatical categories. Tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time & expresses relations between the time of the action and that of the utterance.
Voice – active and passive(object becomes subject).
Mood – there 3 types of mood in eng:
The Indicative shows that what is said must be regarded as a fact (so, it has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in active and passive forms).
The Imperative expresses a command or request to perform an action, addressed to sb, but not the action itself.
The Subjunctive is the category which is used to express non-facts-unreal actions and facts(here are 3 types of conditionals).
Aspect, in general, shows the way or manner, in which the action is performed,i.e. Whether the action is im/perfective, momentary, durative etc. Continious and common aspect.
Perfect is constituted by the opposition of the perfect and non-perfect.