The Common European Framework in its political and educational context What is the Common European Framework?

particularly, to Bachman and Savignon. In: 
spread of the scale and its interviewing methodology
Modern Language Journal 70/4, 391–397.
to education (with ACTFL). 
Masters, G. 1994: Profiles and assessment. 
Brief report on the way Rasch has been used to scale 
Curriculum Perspectives 14,1: 48–52.
test results and teacher assessments to create a
curriculum profiling system in Australia.
Milanovic, M., Saville, N., Pollitt, A. and 
Classic account of the use of Rasch to refine a rating 
Cook, A. 1996: Developing rating scales for 
scale used with a speaking test – reducing the 
CASE: Theoretical concerns and analyses. In 
number of levels on the scale to the number assessors
Cumming, A. and Berwick, R. Validation in 
could use effectively.
language testing. Clevedon, Avon, Multimedia 
Matters: 15–38.
Appendix A: developing proficiency descriptors
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Mullis, I.V.S. 1981: Using the primary trait system 
Classic account of the primary trait methodology in 
for evaluating writing. Manuscript No. 10-W-51. 
mother tongue writing to develop an assessment 
Princeton N.J.: Educational Testing Service.
scale. 
North, B. 1993: The development of descriptors on 
Critique of the content and development 
scales of proficiency: perspectives, problems, and a 
methodology of traditional proficiency scales. 
possible methodology. NFLC Occasional Paper, 
Proposal for a project to develop the illustrative 
National Foreign Language Center, Washington descriptors with teachers and scale them with Rasch 
D.C., April 1993. 
from teacher assessments.
North, B. 1994: Scales of language proficiency: a 
Comprehensive survey of curriculum scales and 
survey of some existing systems, Strasbourg, 
rating scales later analysed and used as the starting
Council of Europe CC-LANG (94) 24.
point for the project to develop illustrative
descriptors.
North, B. 1996/2000: The development of a 
Discussion of proficiency scales, how models of 
common framework scale of language proficiency. 
competence and language use relate to scales.
PhD thesis, Thames Valley University. 
Detailed account of development steps in the project 
Reprinted 2000, New York, Peter Lang.
which produced the illustrative descriptors –
problems encountered, solutions found.
North, B. forthcoming: Scales for rating language 
Detailed analysis and historical survey of the types 
performance in language tests: descriptive models, 
of rating scales used with speaking and writing 
formulation styles and presentation formats. 
tests: advantages, disadvantages, pitfalls, etc.
TOEFL Research Paper. Princeton NJ; 
Educational Testing Service.
North, B. and Schneider, G. 1998: Scaling 
Overview of the project which produced the 
descriptors for language proficiency scales. 
illustrative descriptors. Discusses results and 
Language Testing 15/2: 217–262. 
stability of scale. Examples of instruments and
products in an appendix.
Pollitt, A. and Murray, N.L. 1996: What raters 
Interesting methodological article linking repertory 
really pay attention to. In Milanovic, M. and 
grid analysis to a simple scaling technique to 
Saville, N. (eds.) 1996: Performance testing,