The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
Download 0.99 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Darwin 1859, 217)
The American botanist Asa Gray, who was largely supportive of Darwin’s ideas, likewise believed the theory foundered on this point. In a lengthy review of The Origin of Species published shortly after the book’s publication, Gray wrote: Accordingly, as he [Darwin] puts his theory, he is bound to account for the origination of new organs, and for their diversity in each great type, for their specialization, and every adaptation of organ to function of structure to condition, through natural agencies. … Here purely natural explanations fail. (Gray 1876, 52) Let us call this the “complex structures” argument. We shall devote this section to some replies. Anti-evolutionists often argue that we immediately recognize intelligent design when we see functional machines. When we see a pocket watch or a telescope, we do not for a second believe they were created by any purely natural process. They go on to argue by analogy that functional systems in organisms must also be the products of design. Biologists reply, with considerable justice, that this argument is based on a bad analogy between human contrivances and biological adaptations. We can turn the logic around on the anti-evolutionists by noting that some systems are immediately recognized as having resulted from a lengthy, historical process. When a system is designed with weird kludges and bizarre arrangements of parts, we know the system did not arise in one step from the mind of an engineer. For example, the house I live in is close to 70 years old and features a byzantine arrangement of water pipes that go snaking around the basement. Some of these pipes are part of the heating 2.4 the complex structures argument 31 system; boiling water gets sent through the pipes, which then radiate heat to the rest of the house. Others are part of the plumbing system that services the kitchen and bathrooms. If you care to visit me and examine the pipes, you will quickly notice that their arrangement seems a little daft. There is one collection of pipes over here, and then what looks like a separate arrangement over there, and you will quickly decide that the engineer who came up with this must have been a little daft himself. Of course, the explanation is obvious. One of the house’s previ- ous owners decided to build an extension onto the original structure. Extending the heating system into this new space required additional pipes, which were then clumsily attached to the existing system. A different previous owner decided to install a second bathroom, and the system of pipes needed to be extended once again. In each case, additions had to be added to an already existing structure since it was completely impractical to start over. It all works well enough, but an engineer starting from scratch could easily devise a more efficient system. Complexity by itself is a poor argument for intelligent design since such a result can also arise through a series of small steps when an old system is awkwardly modified to serve new ends. Weird, nonsensical complexity is a strong argument for evolution, not design. I was introduced to this principle many years ago, when I was ten. I was driving with my father to his office. The drive took us down a narrow, two-lane road that passed a series of farms. I liked this part of the drive because one of the farmers owned a pair of llamas, and they were usually out grazing as we drove by. My father always slowed down at this point so I could get a good look. Eventually our road came to a T at a major highway. We wanted to go straight through, but this was impossible because the continua- tion of our road was not directly across from us. Instead, it was offset by a small distance. Starting from a full stop, we had to first make a hard right turn onto the highway and then almost immediately make a hard left off of it. This was a dangerous maneuver, since the highway |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling