The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Musgrave 2004, 81)
(We will have much more to say about the evolution of the flagellum in Section 5.9.) In other words, in every case we find that the complex adap- tation has precisely the structure it would need to have for natural selection to be a viable hypothesis. Selection can only craft adapta- tions out of raw materials that are already there, and all of the myriad adaptations studied to date have turned out to be so crafted. This is a good start, but we might still wonder about the inter- mediate stages linking primordial simplicity with later complexity. For this we can often appeal to the fossil record, which in some instances is sufficiently detailed to permit strong conclusions to be drawn. An example is the evolution of flight in birds. Paleontologist Alan Gishlick writes, The fossil record of the evolution of avian flight is extensive and constantly growing; in particular, we now have a detailed record showing how the skeletal and muscular systems were modified along the route to flight. What we see in this record is that all of 2.4 the complex structures argument 37 the skeletal, ligamentous, and muscular features just discussed arose gradually along the lineage leading to birds. (Gishlick 2004, 66) In some cases, fossil evidence can be backed up with findings from genetics or embryology. An example is the hearing apparatus in mammals, which consists of three small bones that conduct sound from the ear drum to the inner ear. It is a complex, multi-part, functional structure. However, long before Darwin, anatomists and embryologists had noticed that our inner ear bones were homologous to similar bones found in the reptilian jaw joint. Subsequent fossil finds showed how it was possible for a jaw bone to be coopted into an ear bone. Specifically, reptile fossils were found with a double jaw joint, and this redundancy made it functionally possible for one of the bones to be coopted. That this is not just a theoretical possibility, but actually happened, is then shown by the formation of these bones in embryological development. Stephen Jay Gould writes: Thus, every mammal records in its own embryonic growth the developmental pathway that led from jawbones to ear bones in its evolutionary history. In placental mammals, the process is complete at birth, but marsupials play history postnatally, for a tiny kangaroo or opossum enters its mother’s pouch with future ear bones still attached to, and articulating, the jaws. The bones detach, move into the ear, and the new jaw joint forms – all during early life within the maternal pouch. (Gould 1993, 105) Comparative anatomy in the present can also provide powerful clues about the intermediate stages of a complex structure. Earlier I suggested the possibility that eyes evolved through various stages starting with a mere spot of light-sensitive pigment. The plausibility of such a scenario is increased when we note that eyes in every phase of transition exist in the present, thus proving that they are fully functional. Genetics and molecular biology can then establish 38 2 evolution basics homologies among the proteins involved in vision, with the result being a convincing account of how the eye evolved. Darwin expressed the basic logic very well. Earlier I quoted him expressing incredulity at the thought that the eye could have evolved gradually. Continuing from that quotation, Darwin writes: Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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