The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Darwin 1859, 155)
A century and a half of research has put meat on the bones of Darwin’s plausibility argument, to the point where today the evolution of eyes is not considered to be mysterious. To these theoretical considerations we can add two sorts of experimental evidence. First, field studies of animals in the wild consistently show that natural selection is a powerful force. It can effect considerable changes in modern organisms over very short time spans. Second, animal and plant breeders have been enormously successful in modifying species by sieving naturally occurring vari- ations in whatever direction they desire. It is in this manner that animal breeders, for example, have produced the riot of modern dog breeds starting from an ancestral wolf. If a Great Dane, a Dachshund, and a Chihuahua were known only from fossils, they would probably not be placed in the same genus, much less the same species. Yet all arose by a variation/selection mechanism in a relatively short amount of time. These two lines of evidence amount to a powerful proof of concept for the idea that naturally occurring variations, when sieved through a consistent selection mechanism, can effect major change 2.5 irreducible complexity 39 in modern organisms over short periods of time. In light of this evidence, the burden is on the other side to show there is a funda- mental barrier to the quantity of change possible over vastly longer periods of time. Assembling the pieces, the refutation of the “complex struc- tures” argument is this: A great many complex structures have been studied, and in every case they have just the structure they would need to have for natural selection to be a viable hypothesis. Specifically, they are always seen to be cobbled together from readily available parts, and do not appear as de novo creations disconnected from anything that came before. Like the system of roads leading to my father’s office, they show the senseless signs of history that are indicative of evolution, not design. Moreover, for many specific adaptations, extensive evidence from paleontology, genetics, embry- ology, and anatomy converge to paint a well-supported account of how they evolved. We also know experimentally that a variation/selection mechanism can result in major changes to modern organisms in short periods of time. Scientists therefore have a strong basis for concluding that natural selection can craft complex structures. 2.5 irreducible complexity Proponents of ID frequently appeal to a variation on the complex structures argument. They argue that it is not complexity per se that challenges evolution, but instead a particular kind of complexity, which they call “irreducible complexity.” Since this concept will play a crucial role in our subsequent discussions, especially in Section 5.7, we will devote this section to it. In On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin wrote: If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case. (Darwin 1859, 219) 40 2 evolution basics The concept of irreducible complexity is meant to respond to this challenge. The basic idea is that if a system requires all of its parts to function properly, then it could not have formed by “numerous, suc- cessive slight modifications,” because the precursor systems, lacking some of their parts, would not be functional. In various forms, this idea is as old as anti-evolutionism itself. The modern revival of this argument in ID discourse, as well as its application specifically to biochemical systems, is due to biochemist Michael Behe. In his 1996 book, Darwin’s Black Box, he argued that he had found the systems Darwin overlooked: By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning. An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly (that is, by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional. An irreducibly complex biological system, if there is such a thing, would be a powerful challenge to Darwinian evolution. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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