The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
the characters and factors which, when new, were originally
merely an asset finally became necessary because other necessary characters and factors had subsequently become changed so as to be dependent on the former. It must result, in consequence, that a dropping out of, or even a slight change in any one of these parts is very likely to disturb fatally the whole machinery; for this reason we should expect very many, if not most, mutations to result in lethal factors … (Muller 1918, 463–464, emphasis in original) Muller’s point is that natural selection all but inevitably crafts com- plex systems showing an interdependence of parts. Working evolutionary biologists have all of this material at their fingertips, which is why they responded so negatively to Behe’s book. What Behe described as an astonishing discovery that shrieks design, biologists recognized as a trivial problem that had been solved close to a century earlier. “Irreducibly complex” systems not only pose no challenge to evolution, they are actually the expected outcome of prolonged natu- ral selection. The claim that such systems cannot evolve gradually 2.6 paying a price for being wrong 47 is manifestly false, leaving us only with the fact that irreducible complexity represents appalling design, at least as judged by the standards of human engineers. Therefore, the prevalence of irreducibly complex structures is strong evidence for evolution, and it is strong evidence against intelligent design. 2.6 paying a price for being wrong Anti-evolutionists will be quick to point out what I did not do in the previous two sections. I did not point to a specific population of, say, eyeless creatures, and then show you a film of their descendants gradually evolving eyes. Nor did I do anything comparable for any other complex structure. The evolutionary process is such that complex adaptations take a very long time to develop. Consequently, we have to rely on circumstantial evidence in making our case. Such evidence can be very compelling, and it can accumulate to the point where reasonable doubt is eliminated, but it is circumstantial nevertheless. The anti-evolutionists are certainly free to point this out, but doing so represents a significant scaling-back of their ambitions. Let me explain what I mean. In any discussion of the evolution/creation controversy, it is all but inevitable to mention William Paley’s 1802 book Natural Theology (Paley 2006). Paley’s argument was that the interlocking complexity of organisms could only be explained by reference to God and not by any fully naturalistic process. Most of his book’s chapters are occupied with detailed descriptions of complex adapta- tions in nature. Paley wrote his book well before Darwin arrived on the scene, and the success of modern evolutionary science has made his argu- ment far less persuasive than it used to be. That aside, Paley’s discourse is essentially identical to that presented by modern anti- evolutionists. He uses the complexity of biological adaptations to infer that there is an intelligent agent behind it all. 48 2 evolution basics The aspect of Paley’s book that is relevant for us is this: At no point does he argue that scientists, in their professional work, should heed what he is saying. He does not tell scientists how to do their jobs, and he does not argue that his conclusion of design in nature constitutes a theory of which scientists need to be cognizant in carry- ing out their professional work. In effect, he is saying, “Here are some facts about anatomy uncovered by scientists, and here is a theological conclusion I have drawn from those facts.” At no point does he say anything like, “You incompetent scientists are doing it wrong! You better bring an assumption of intelligent design into the lab with you, or science will continue down a dramatically wrong path!” In this he stands in stark contrast to modern anti-evolutionists, who claim that they are advancing fully scientific theories that should replace evolution in the daily work of practicing scientists. This is true of both YEC and ID. This returns us to my earlier claim, that anti-evolutionists are scaling back their ambitions in basing their case on the lack of direct evidence for the gradual formation of complex structures. Their big claim was supposed to have been that they had a novel and fruitful approach to biology. For working scientists, that is what makes them potentially interesting (keeping in mind that we are, for now, ignoring the cultural milieu in which these conflicts play out). If instead the anti-evolutionists just want to be truculent and contrarian, insisting the evidence is insufficient to convince them, then scientists would just reply with, “Whatever. Believe what you want.” They are welcome to sit and pout in the corners of the gym while everyone else is up dancing. But then the scientists would add, “However, we seem to be getting good results with standard evolutionary theory, so we’ll just stick with it until you come up with something better.” I opened this chapter with a brief outline of the evidence for evolution. In so doing, I followed tradition by presenting the evidence in the manner of an attorney prosecuting a case. I gestured toward broad classes and general lines of evidence from paleontology, anatomy, molecular biology, and embryology. This is all good stuff, 2.6 paying a price for being wrong 49 but it has a tendency to seem rather abstract, and it misses something important. Specifically, it misses the point that scientists have a job to do, and this job has nothing to do with promoting worldviews. Rather, their job is to get tangible results on practical problems. Theories are tools they use while doing their job, and sheer practicality forces them to stick with tools that work and to discard the tools that do not work. Evolution remains the dominant paradigm in science because it consistently gets good results in practical situations. ID and YEC offer nothing to rival this success. On scientific questions, if you want to know who is giving you the straight story, you should listen to the people who pay a price for being wrong. For example, when energy companies hire geologists to help them find new sources of oil and natural gas, they do not look for people with expertise in young-Earth geology. They do not hire the people who say the earth is only 10,000 years old and that Noah’s flood was a real event. This is not because of anti-religious bias, but is instead solely because real geology gets results, and young-earth geology does not. Or consider the shape of the earth. Most people can go their entire lives believing that the earth is flat and never make a bad practical decision because of it. After all, in the early days of human civilization, people mostly believed precisely that. But suppose you run an international airline and have to plan efficient routes connecting one side of the earth to the other. Or suppose you work for NASA, and you have to launch spacecraft that can accurately hit distant targets in space. In those contexts it really matters that you get the right answer about the shape of the earth, and you will find that the people who do that sort of work have little sympathy for flat-earth theory. I mentioned earlier having attended a fair number of anti- evolutionist conferences. At those events, I heard speaker after speaker rail against evolution. I chatted with many audience members entirely convinced of their own erudition, especially as compared to the benighted scientific community. Even more than the manifest 50 2 evolution basics errors in the claims and arguments I heard, I was struck by just how cheap and tawdry most of the criticisms were. Preachers can get away with ranting about the evils of evolution, anti-evolution conference speakers can level baseless and scurrilous charges against scientists, and creationists can congratulate each other for their sagacity in private conversations, because in those venues there is no penalty for being wrong. I had the same reaction to the many occasions on which I read anti-evolution screeds in politically conservative publications. These pieces were nearly always written by people with no particular credentials, for an audience likewise composed primarily of lay peo- ple. Since no one expected these folks to produce a result in the field or the lab, they had the freedom to level any charges, no matter how ill-conceived or fallacious, safe in the knowledge they would suffer no harm for being wrong. But as soon as the conversation moves to a venue where there is a price to be paid, as soon as you are in an environment where people cannot afford to mess around, evolution really is the only game in town. A striking example is the discovery of the fossil Tiktaalik Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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