The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
Download 0.99 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Whitcomb and Morris 1961, 225–226)
Whitcomb and Morris’s bravado can easily distract us from the fact that they do not actually respond to Blum’s point. Specifically, they pay no attention to the need for carrying out a calculation when making claims about the second law. Following Blum, we have emphasized that the second law is a mathematical statement. The problem is that living systems, and the processes through which they form, are not at all the sorts of systems to which classical thermodynamics applies. We have previ- ously discussed the distinctions between reversible and irreversible 7.8 thermodynamics in “the genesis flood” 249 processes, as well as the distinction between systems that are near to or far from equilibrium. Whereas the classical understanding of the second law applies to reversible processes undertaken on systems that are close to equilibrium, living organisms are far from equilibrium and are formed through irreversible processes. For this reason, it is effectively impossible to carry out the relevant calculation. Put succinctly, no one knows how to answer a question such as, “What is the change in entropy associated with evolving an elephant from simpler organisms over the course of millions of years?” To be clear, we are not saying that living creatures somehow violate the second law. Rather, the claim is that it is unclear how the concepts underlying the second law apply to the evolutionary process. Physicist Percy Bridgman, a Nobel laureate, makes this point bluntly: Many of the set-ups proposed for exhibiting the relation of living things to the second law do not properly reproduce the conditions necessary for the application of the law. For instance, the environment of most living things is a stream of radiation from the sun to the earth from which they extract energy which is used in the “organization” of the environment. The stream itself is a factor with “order” in the determining conditions; to prove that the second law has been violated would demand a quantitative proof that the “order” created by the organism in the final product is greater than the order in the stream of energy which made the process possible. (Bridgman 1941, 209) Later he writes: If we could assign a definite entropy to an organism we could at once answer our question about the second law. To assign an entropy to an object demands some reversible method of getting to the object from a standard starting point, and this, for an organism, is close to the problem of the artificial creation of life. (Bridgman 1941, 213) 250 7 thermodynamics Physicist Leon Brillouin was even more blunt, writing in 1949: How can we compute or even evaluate the entropy of a living being? In order to compute the entropy of a system, it is necessary to be able to create or destroy it in a reversible way. We can think of no reversible process by which a living organism can be created or killed: both birth and death are irreversible processes. … The entropy content of a living organism is a completely meaningless notion. (Brillouin 1949, 564) Nothing has happened in the years since Bridgman and Bril- louin’s work to alter their conclusions. We have noted that, as a practical matter, it is not possible to calculate the entropy change resulting from evolution. What we can do is work out the entropy change associated with the radiation of heat from the sun to the earth, and then the entropy change when most of that heat is then radiated from the earth back into space. The quantity of heat radiated from the sun to the earth can be well-estimated, and nearly all of that heat is then radiated back into space. However, the sun is at a much higher temperature than the earth. Recalling our discussions in Sections 7.3 and 7.5, the lower the temperature the higher the entropy change. That means the entropy increase associated with the earth’s radiation is much higher than the entropy decrease associated with the sun’s radiation. This difference would essentially put an upper bound on the allowable entropy decrease due to evolution. That is, it will allow us to say that as long as the entropy decrease due to evolution is smaller than the entropy increase associated with the radiations from the sun to the earth, and then from the earth into space, then evolutionary theory is not in conflict with the second law. Physicist Robert Oerter filled in the numerical details of this calculation. As a point of reference, he also worked out the entropy change required to freeze the world’s oceans. His conclusion: Now, the mass of all the living organisms on earth, known as the biomass, is considerably less than the mass of the oceans (by a 7.9henry morris’s later writing 251 very generous estimate, about 10 16 kilograms. If we perform a similar calculation using the earth’s biomass, instead of the mass of the oceans, we find that the second law of thermodynamics will only be violated if the entire biomass is somehow converted from a highly disorganized state (say a gas at 10,000 K) to a highly organized state (say, absolute zero) in about a month or less. Evolutionary processes take place over millions of years; clearly they cannot cause a violation of the second law. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling