The ministry of higher and secondary 5 special education of the republic of uzbekistan jizzakh state pedagogical university faculty of preschool and elementary education (foreign language) course work theme

2.2. Perceptual (hearing) aspect The method of hearing speech is the object
of perceptual phonetics. It is a psychological perception that allows you to neur arerent sounas tnat can De crassıned accoroing to three characteristics: duration, resonance and tember. Silent sounds consist of silent noise.Vowel sounds are formed without any interference with the melody of the music. Voiced obstruents (stops and fricatives) are characterized Stamp. Timbre is the quality of sound defined by harmonic tones and resonant tones based on it
understood. In the audience, it is called pitch and overall timbre. In terms of overall timbre, vowels, liquids, and nasals are bright and thin (eg.), bold and full (eg. /a:), or dull and neutral (eg. /a). English/English has a bright variant
initially, but in many varieties of American English it is dark and full. Swells /s, z/ bright and thin, silence // bright and full, spirants /f, e/ boring and neutral.
Some linguists classify timbre according to two dimensions: grave (dull)- sharp (bright), compact (full) - scattered (subtle). In English stops, originally burst variants (explosives). can have snap variants (implosives) at the end.
. Prominent one of the first founders of the term and concept of phoneme:
de Courtenay, N. Krushevsky (Russia), P Passy (France). X Sweet (England), F. de Saussure (Switzerland) and others. A phonene is the smallest meaningless unit of language that forms and separates words and morphemes. A phoneme is the smallest unit that cannot be divided into other smaller units, but for scientific analysis it can be called a word. From this besides, it exists in the form of a number of articulatory and acoustically distinct speech sounds, its allophones. General articulation and such sounds with acoustic properties all constitute the material invariant of the phoneme. Pronunciation in the phoneme speech chain due to concrete reality to be done and to some extent different from each other
appears in allophones. The abstract and generalized character of a phoneme is
reflected in its definition as a linguistic unit. All linguistic units arises asa result of abstraction and generalization of real speech sentences. In general, the phoneme cannot be pronounced. We always pronounce one of the allophones (variants) of a phoneme, but unconsciously generalize all allophones as
representing a single phoneme. For example, all sounds of the such as /e, ez, es,., el/e/) represent the phoneme /e/. The /e/ sound has its articulatory and acoustic properties as a front, semi-close unrounded, short, empty vowel, But this all features are established as a result of phonemic abstraction. In fact, it is impossible to pronounce the same sound many times without changing its characteristics. Each phoneme consists of a set of features generalized from its allophones Another basic concept of phonology is phonological contrast,
which is defined as the contrast between speech sounds that serve to differentiate the meanings of words. For example Pool/pu:l/tool/tul,. Let/set/ set/, /tight/rait/-light /lait etc2.