The ministry of higher and secondary 5 special education of the republic of uzbekistan jizzakh state pedagogical university faculty of preschool and elementary education (foreign language) course work theme

2. Aspects, types of phonetics
Every speech act involves the participation of at least two persons: the speaker and the listener. linguistics can be pronounced and listened to isa department that studies language expression People all phonetic units are heard when speaking a language Pronunciation is the result of speech noise. Phonetics has the following four main aspects: articulatory (physiological), acoustic (physica), perceptual (hearing) and phonological (social, functional, linguistic). The articulatory aspect studies the mechanism of sound production and the way speech sounds are produced. Usually this aspect is called articulatory or physiological English phonetics.Thearticulatory aspect is related to the biological, physiological and mental activities necessary for the pronunciation of the language. But the linguistic interpretation of the formation of speech sounds
makes phonetics an independent science of physiology and biology. The oldest and most common method of articulatory phonetics is direct observation, which studies the movements and positions of the speech organs of one's own or other people and pronounces various speech sounds and evaluates them by ear. This
is a subjective method of phonetics, since our direct observation is an accurate description of the formation of speech sounds.
2.1.Acoustic (physical) aspect
It has already been said that the vocal tract can be described as an apparatus for converting muscular energy into acoustic
Sound is a physical or acoustic phenomenon resulting from the activity of the vocal organs, Sound consists of waves traveling through air at a speed of 1100 feet per second. Repetitive motion is vibration creates a wave Vibration can be periodic or non- periodic, simple or complex. Sound waves are periodic if the same vibration is repeated regularly. On the contrary, it is chaotic
vibration that repeats at intervals produces non-periodic sound waves. Periodic sound waves are musical tones or can be perceived as a tone of speech. Non-periodic sound waves are perceived as speech noise. The movement
of vibration over and over certain distance is called a period or cycle. Curved
the maximum distance of the line from the point of rest to the end point of the vibration is called its amplitude. energy. The frequency of vibration is determined by the characteristics of the body in question (its weight or, in the case of vocal heade in relation cords, their tension, in the case shape and size of the hole. volume). A smaller head opening produces a lower frequency. A larger cavity opening or to the size higher pitch produces a higher frequency. The frequency is size, responsible for the pitch of the tone and the amplitude determines the intensity. An increase in amplitude produces a greater intensity. Physical Intensity is proportional to the square of the sound energy per unit of time per unit of time is measured. Thus, sounds or vibrations are defined according to three parameters or dimensions, frequency (measured in cs-revolutions per second'); intensity (measured in decibels) and time (measured in milliseconds). Approximate frequency coresponds to auditory timbre and intensity to perceived loudness. Using all the age an acoustic concepts already explained in oscillography or spectrography, both of which constitute a method of acoustic analysis of speech signals. All acoustic properties, except the duration of the sound, which is measured in time, determine the quality characteristic. The length or duration of a sound is called a quantity property.
The volume of the sound depends on the tempo of the speech (fast, normal, slow), the length of the speech, the position of the sound (accented and unaccented, open and closed sylables, the effect of the preceding or following sound), etc. As we can see, there is a correlation between articulation and acoustic aspects. For example, vocal resonance based on spectrographic examination the table is almost identical to the classical classification of the location by Xray photographs. of the tongue: front-back; high low This fact was also proved Different articulations produce ifferent acoustic effects. Between
the various movements of the speech organs and the process of vibration dependence can be determined by instrumental analysis. According to the results of instrumental studies in modern phonetics, all articulatory acoustic features of different languages are classified into twelve pairs that form binary
contrasts (contrasts containing two menbers, such as a-b). (Regarding this classification, see later chapters of this book)