The national anthem of the republic of uzbekistan

LESSON 14 SILK PRODUCTION IN UZBEKISTAN

Although the production of silk fiber and making of clothes is basically automated today, almost all silkworm breeding in Uzbekistan occurs within individual farms, where most of the cocoons are still bred as they have been, perhaps, since the 4^th century.
Silk production process is as following: silkworm eggs of on average 20 grams are distributed to all farmers who wish to breed them. The farmers prepare rooms equipped with large boxes with special flooring. All the silkworms require are mulberry leaves cut into small pieces. Stripped mulberry trees recover their branches by the next year. At the beginning of the process, 20 grams of silkworms occupy an area of 1 square meter and daily consume 3 kilos of leaves. But after several days of their sleeping cycle the awoken silkworms consume more and more. By the end of just the first month every silkworm, which was so microscopic at the beginning, grows to the size of a little finger; the whole stock of silkworms now occupy 2-3 rooms and consume 300 kilos of leaves every day! Then the silkworm suddenly stops eating and for about a week winds round itself a cocoon made of silk fiber. Some silkworms called "seminal" are separated to be kept for a few months, during which they lay eggs. The rest of the silkworms in cocoons are killed with steam, otherwise they will crawl out and unwind the silk fiber. Then every cocoon is boiled and carefully unwound. Usual a 3-4 centimeter cocoon produces from 800 to 1200 meters of fiber thread.
Silk material for making clothes is woven out of several wound threads of fiber. On the whole, about 30,000 tons of cocoons are produced in Uzbekistan every year. The biggest silk weaving factory is in Margilan.


New words and word combinations:
silkworm breeding ipakchilik
automated- avtomatlashgan
cocoons- pilla
mulberry leaves tut barglari
Stripped mulberry trees- kesilgan tut daraxti
Recover- tiklab olmoq
daily consume- kunlik iste’mol (ehtiyoj)
stock- zahira
to wind round itself- o’z atrofini
seminal- urug’lik
steam- bug’ (bug’lash)
crawl out- chiqib kelmoq
unwind - разматывать(ся); сматывать(ся) раскручивать (стек)
fiber thread- ip tola
silk weaving factory- ipak to’qish korxonasi


DETERMINATIVES
(KO‘RSATKICHLAR)
Umumiy ma’lumotlar


1. Ingliz tilida ko‘pgina otlar oldida maxsus so‘zlar keladi. Ularni ko‘rsatkichlar deb ataymiz. Ot oldida faqat bitta ko‘rsatkich kelishi mumkin.
2. Eng ko‘p tarqalgan ko‘rsatkichlar aniq va noaniq artikllar a, an, the va ularga ko‘p hollarda ma’nosi yaqin bo‘lgan some va any olmoshlaridir.
3. Artikllarning mustaqil ma’nosi yo‘q, ular shaxs yoki buyumning shu turdagi buyumlardan ajratib ko‘rsatilayotgan yoki ko‘rsatilmayotganligini, buyum suhbatdoshga ma’lum yoki noma’lumligini ifodalaydi. O‘zbek tilida artikllarga hamda some, any so‘zlariga mos keladigan maxsus so‘z lar yo‘q.
Ular har xil yo‘llar bilan tarjima qilinadi yoki tushib qo ladi:
There is a lamp on the table. Stolda chiroq bor.
The director has just come. Direktor hozirgina keldi.
Give me some stamps, please. Iltimos menga markalar bering.
Boshqa ko‘rsatkichlarning mustaqil ma’nosi bor va ular otga aniqlovchi bo‘lib keladi.
4. Ko‘rsatish olmoshlari: this — bu, these — bular, that — u, those — ular:
This house is very old. Bu uy juda eski.
I’ll take those books. Men u kitoblarni olaman.
5. Egalik olmoshlari:
my — mening
your — sening, sizning
his — uning (erkaklar)
her — uning (ayollar)
its — uning (narsalar)
our — bizning
your — sizlarning
their — ularning
6. Egalik (qaratqich) kelishigidagi otlar:
Peter’s father is a doctor. Piterning otasi shifokor.
My brother’s wife has gone to Tashkent.
Akamning xotini Toshkentga ketgan.