The national anthem of the republic of uzbekistan

LESSON 12 WOOL 2

Wool fibres are hydrophilic, meaning they readily absorb moisture, but are not hollow. Wool can absorb moisture almost one-third of its own weight. Wool absorbs sound like many other fabrics. It is generally a creamy white colour, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colours, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.
Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibres. It has lower rate of flame spread, low heat release, low heat of combustion, and does not melt or drip; it forms a char which is insulating and self-extinguishing, and contributes less to toxic gases and smoke than other flooring products, when used in carpets. Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments, such as trains and aircraft. Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters, soldiers, and others in occupations where they are exposed to the likelihood of fire.
Wool is resistant to static electricity, as the moisture retained within the fabric conducts electricity, so wool garments are much less likely to spark or cling to the body. The use of woollen car seatcovers or carpets reduces the risk of a shock when a person touches a grounded object. Wool is considered by the medical profession to be hypoallergenic.
New words and word combinations:
hydrophilic- nam yoqtiruvchi
absorb moisture- namni shimmoq
breeds- qabila, tur
random mixes- favqulodda aralashmalar (ranglar)
to ignite yonmoq
synthetic fibres- sintetik (sun’iy) tola
flame- olov, mash’ala
low heat release- issiqni past o’tkazish
combustion- yonish, batamom yonib kul bo’lish
melt or drip- erimoq yoki tommoq (tomchilamoq)
self-extinguishing- o’zini o’zi o’chiruvchi
toxic gases- zaharli gazlar
flooring products- pol ustidagi narsalar
resistant to static electricity- turg’un energiyaga chidamli
spark or cling- uchqunlamoq yoki yopishmoq
to touche a grounded object- yerdagi buyumlarga tegmoq
hypoallergenic- kuchli allergen
GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT
Hozirgi tugallangan zamon

1. Present Perfect to have fe'lining hozirgi zamondagi shakllari have va has hamda asosiy fe'lning o'tganzamon sifatdoshi(Past Participle) yordamida yasaladi: 
I/ you/ they/ we/ you HAVE worked. He/ she HAS worked.
I have written the exercise. = Men mashqni yozib bo'ldim. 
2. Present Perfectning bo'lishsiz shakli have yoki has yordamchi fe'lidan keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo'yish bilan yasaladi: 
I/ you/ they/ we/ you HAVE not worked. He/ she HAS not worked. 
Our teacher has not come today. = Bugun o'qituvchimiz kelmadi. 
3. Present Perfectning so'roq shakli have va has yordamchi fe'llarini eganing oldiga qo'yish bilan yasaladi: 
HAVE I/ you/ they/ we/ you worked.? HAS He/ she/ it worked.
Has he already done his homework? = U uy vazifasini allaqachon qilib bo'ldimi? 
Og'zaki nutqda odatda quyidagi qisqartmalar ishlatiladi: 
I have. = I've. I have not. = I haven't, I've not. 
He has. = He's. He has not = He hasn't, He's not. 
She has. = She's. She has not. = She hasn't, She's not 
It has. = It's. It has not. = It hasn't, It's not. 
We have. = We've. We have not. = We haven't, We've not. 
You have. = You've. You have not. = You haven't, You've not. 
They have. = They've. They have not. = They've not, They haven't. 
Present Perfectning ishlatilishi.
1. Present Perfect hozirdan oldin tugagan, natijasi ko'z oldimizda bo'lgan ish - harakatni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi. Ish - harakat ancha oldin tugagan bo'lishi mumkin, bunda asosiy e'tibor vaqtga emas, natijaga qaratiladi:
I have broken my pencil. = Qalamimni sindirib qo'ydim.
Has the secretary come? = Kotiba keldimi?
My father has gone to London. = Mening otam Londonga ketgan. 
They have informed me of the time of shipment of the goods. = Ular menga tovarlarni yuklash vaqti haqida xabar berishdi. 
2. Present Perfect bir necha marta takrorlangan ish - harakatni ifodalaydi:
I have read that book twice. = Men u kitobni ikki marta o'qiganman. 
I have seen that film three times. = Men u filmni uch marta ko'rganman.
Present Perfectning payt hollari: 
Ever = Biror vaqt, Never = Hech qachon/ Already = Allaqachon/ Lately = Yaqinda/ Recently = Yaqinda/ Yaqindan beri/ Yet = Hali/ Allaqachon Just = Hozirgina /Once = Bir vaqtlar.
I have done my homework already. = Men allaqachon uy vazifamni bajarib bo'ldim.
He hasn't finished his work yet. = U hali ishini tugatgan emas.
4. Hali tugamagan vaqt ko'rsatkichlari - today bugun, this week shu hafta, this month shu oy, this year bu yil bilan Present Perfect ishlatiladi: 
Have you read the newspaper today? = Bugun gazetani o'qidingizmi?

LESSON 13 JUICE