The national anthem of the republic of uzbekistan

GRAMMAR: PAST PERFECT
O'tgan tugallangan zamon
1. Past Perfect to have fe'lining o'tgan zamon shakli had va asosiy fe'lning o'tgan zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle) shakli yordamida yasaladi:
Ega + had + P.P.
I had worked, He had worked.
2. Past Perfectning bo'lishsizlik shaklini yasash uchun had yordamchi fe'lidan keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo'yamiz: 
Ega + had + not + P.P.
I had not worked, He had not worked.
3. Past Perfectning so'roq shaklini yasash uchun had yordamchi fe'lini eganing oldoga qo'yamiz:
Had + ega + P.P.?
Had I worked?, Had he worked?

Bo'lishli shakli	Bo'lishsiz shakli	So'roq shakli
I had worked. He(she, it) had worked.  We had worked. You had worked.  They had worked.	I had not worked.  He(she, it) had not worked.  We had not worked.  You had not worked.  They had not worked.	Had I worked?  Had he (she,it) worked?  Had we worked? Had you worked?  Had they worked?

4. Og'zaki nutqda quyidagi qisqartmalar mavjud: 
I had. = I'd. I had not. = I hadn't, I'd not. 
He had. = He'd. He had not = He hadn't, He'd not. 
She had. = She'd. She had not. = She hadn't, She'd not 
We had. = We'd. We had not. = We hadn't, We'd not. 
You had. = You'd. You had not. = You hadn't, You'd not. 
They had. = They'd. They had not. = They'd not, They hadn't.
O'tgan tugallangan zamonning ishlatilishi 
1. Past Perfect o'tgan zamondagi biror vaqtdan oldin tamom bo'lgan ish - harakatni ifodalaydi. O'tgan zamondagi bu vaqt quyidagicha berilishi mumkin:
A) by 5 o'clock soat beshgacha, by Saturday shanbagacha, by the 15th of December15 - dekabrgacha, by the end of the year yilning oxirigacha, by that time o'sha vaqtgacha va boshqa vaqt ko'rsatkichlari bilan:
We had translated the article by five o'clock. = Biz soat beshgacha maqolani tarjima qilib bo'ldik.
We had shipped the goods by that time. = O'sha paytgacha biz mollarni yuklab bo'lgan edik.
By the end of the year we had learnt to speak French. = Yilning oxirigacha biz fransuzcha gapirishni o'rgandik. 
B) Past Indefinite bilan ifodalangan o'tgan zamondagi ikkinchi bir ish - harakati bilan: 
They had shipped the goods when your telegram arrived. = Sizning telegrammangiz kelganda, ular mollarni yuklab bo'lgan edilar. 
We sent him a telegram yesterday as we had not received any letters from him for a long time. = Biz unga telegramma jo'natdik, chunki undan ko'pdan buyon xat-xabar olmagan edik. 
They had not yet loaded the goods when they received our telegram. = Ular bizning telegrammamizni olganlarida hali mollarni yuklab bo'lmagan edilar. 
Ish - harakati sodir bo'lgan vaqt Past Perfect ishlatilgan gapda emas, boshqa gapda ham bo'lishi mumkin: 
As I was going to the station, it began to rain. Fortunately, I had taken an umbrella and (had) put on a coat. = Stansiyaga borar ekanman yomg'ir yog'a boshladi. Baxrimga soyabon olgan va palto kiygan ekanman.
I received a letter from my brother yesterday. I had not heard from him for a long time. = Men kecha akamdan xat oldim. Men undan ko'pdan buyon xat-xabar olmagan edim.
2. Ikki yoki undan ortiq oldinma - ketin sodir bo'lgan ish - harakat sodir bo'lish tartibida bayon qilinsa, hammasida Past Indefinite ishlatiladi: 
He arrived at the Waterloo station, took a taxi and drove to the hotel. Then he went to the telegraph office and sent his wife a telegram. = U Voterlo vokzaliga yetib keldi, taksi oldi va mehmonxonaga ketdi.So'ngra u telegrafga borib, xotiniga telegramma jo'natdi. 
He came home late in the evening. He had supper, read newspaper and went to bed. = U uyiga kech keldi. Kechki ovqatini yedi, gazeta o'qidi va uxlagani yotdi. 
Bir nechta oldinma - ketin sodir bo'lgan ish - harakatlarning bayon etish tartibi buzilsa, birorta oldin sodir etilgan ish - harakat o'zidan keyin sodir etilgan ish - harakatdan keyin bayon etilsa, o'shaish - harakat Past Perfectda ishlatiladi: 
He came home late in the evening. He had visited the Museum of Fine Arts and had been to the concert. He had supper, read the newspaper and feeling tired, went to bed. = U uyga kechqurun kech keldi. U San'at muzeyiga bordi va konsertda bo'lgan edi. U kechki ovqatini yedi, gazetani o'qidi va charchagani uchun joyiga yotdi.
Misoldagi came, had supper, read, went to bed harakatlari oldinma - ketin sodir bo'ladi, had visited va had been harakatlari esa ulardan oldin sodir bo'lgan.
3. after - dan keyin bilan bog'langan ergash gapda Past Perfect ishlatiladi:
After the sun had set, we decided to return home. = Quyosh botgandan keyin, biz uyga qaytishga qaror qildik. 
After cases had been counted, I left the warehouse. = Qutilar sanab bo'lingandan keyin, men ombordan chiqdim. 
Ikki ish - harakatni biri boshqasidan oldin sodir bo'lganligini ta'kidlash zaruratibo'lmaganda after ishlatilgan gapda ham Past Indefinite ishlatiladi: 
After he turned off the light, he left the room. = Chiroqni o'chirgach u xonadan chiqdi. 
After he signed the letter, he asked the secretary to send it off. = Xatni imzolagandan keyin u kotibaga xatni jo'natib yuborishini aytdi. 
4. Whendan keyin odatda Past Indefinite ishlatiladi. Lekin when -dan keyin ma'nosida kelganida when bilan boshlangan gapda Past Perfect ishlatiladi:
When secretary received the telegram, he immediately showed it to the manager. = Kotiba telegrammani olganida u uni zudlik bilan menejerga ko'rsatdi. 
When (=after) they had gone, he began to work. = Ular ketganidan keyin u ishini boshladi. 
5. before bilan boshlangan ergash gapli qo'shma gapning bosh gapida Past Perfect, ergash gapida Past Indefinite ishlatiladi. Past Perfectning ishlatilishi bosh gapdagi ish - harakt ergash gapdagi ish - harakatdan oldin sodir bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydi: 
I had finished my work before he returned. = U qaytib kelishidan oldin men ishimni tugatdim. 
We had come to an agreement on the terms of payment before you arrived. = Siz kelishingizdan oldin biz to'lov shartlari haqida bir bitimga kelgan edik (kelishib olganedik).
Ish - harakatlarni oldinma - ketin sodir bo'lganligini ta'kidlash zarurati bo'lmaganda, bosh gapda ham, ergash gapda ham Past Indefinite ishlatiladi:
I turned off the light before I left the room. = Men xonadan chiqishimdan oldin chiroqni o'chirdim. 
He read the contract again before he signed it. = U shartnomani imzoalshdan oldin uni qayta o'qib chiqdi. 
Ba'zan beforeli ergash gapda Past Perfect va bosh gapda Past Indefinite ishlatiladi. Bunda before  -dan oldin degan ma'noniu beradi:
The manager returned before the typist had typed all the letters. = Mashinistka barcha xatlarni yozib bo'lishidan oldin boshqaruvchi qaytib keldi. 
We reached the station before it had become dark. = Qorong'u tushishidan oldin biz stansiyaga yetib oldik. 
6. Hardly, scarcely, no sooner ravishlari bo'lgan qo'shma gaplarning bosh gapida Past Perfect va ergash gapida Past Indefinite ishlatiladi: 
He had hardly (scarcely) entered the house, when it started to rain. = Yomg'ir yog'a boshlaganda u uyga arang kirib olgan edi. 
No sooner had he arrived, than he fell ill. = U yetib kelar - kelmas kasal bo'lib qoldi.