The national anthem of the republic of uzbekistan

nonliving components – jonsiz tarkibiy qisimlar
Environment – atrof-muxit
Nutrient cycles – ozuqaviy aylanmalar
energy flows – energiya oqimi
other microbes – boshqa microblar
decomposition – parchalanish
root competition – ildiz raqobati
shading – soyalash
disturbance – bezovtalik
succession – vorislik
decomposition – parchalanishi
Biodiversity – bioxilma-xillik
disturbance and succession – buzilish va ketma-ketlik
GRAMMAR: COMPOUND SENTENCES
Compound sentences and compound words are an easy and fun way to add interest to a sentence. By combining two thoughts in one sentence or word, you can add to the information you provide in your communication.
Compound sentences are made up of two simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction. These conjunctions are also known as FANBOYS:
F - For
A - And
N - Nor
B - But
O - Or
Y - Yet
S - So
Here are some example compound sentences:
Tom arrived home. Then, he ate dinner. -> Tom arrived home, and ate dinner.
We studied many hours for the test. We didn't pass the test. -> We studied many hours for the test, but we didn't pass it.
Peter doesn't need to buy a new car. He also doesn't need to go on vacation. -> Peter doesn't need to buy a new car, nor does he need to go on vacation.
Conjunction Use in Compound Sentences
Conjunctions are used for different purposes in sentences. A comma is always placed before the conjunction. Here are the main uses of the FANBOYS:
Addition / Next Action
and
addition -> Tom enjoys playing tennis, and he likes cooking.
next action -> We drove home, and we went to bed.
Opposition - Unexpected Results
but / yet
We wanted to visit our friends, but we didn't have enough money to get a flight.
Janet did very well on her job interview, yet she didn't get the position.
Cause / Effect
for / so
cause -> Mary needed some new clothing, so she went shopping.
effect -> They stayed home for the holiday, for they had to work.
Choice Between Two
or
We thought we might go to see a film, or we might have dinner out.
Angela said she might buy him a watch, or she might give him a gift certificate.
Not One nor the Other
nor
We won't be able to visit our friends, nor will they be able to visit us this summer.
Sharon isn't going to the conference, nor is she going to present there.
NOTE: Notice how when using 'nor' the sentence structure is inverted. In other words, after 'nor' place the helping verb before the subject.
Exercise 1. Use FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to write one compound sentence using the two simple sentences.

• 
  Peter drove to visit his friend. They went out for dinner.
  
• 
  Mary thinks she should go to school. She wants to get qualifications for a new profession.
  
• 
  Alan invested a lot of money in the business. The business went bankrupt.
  
• 
  Doug didn't understand the homework assignment. He asked the teacher for help.
  
• 
  The doctors looked at the x-rays. They decided to operate on the patient.
  
• 
  We went out on the town. We came home late.
  
• 
  It is raining. It is very cold.
  
• 
  Henry studied very hard for the test. He passed with high marks.
  

Exercise 2. In the following exercises, turn the sentence pairs into single compound sentences, each with a coordinating conjunction. You can rearrange or add words in the sentence to make it sound better, but only if it's necessary.

1. The black dog has won many prizes. He doesn't know many tricks.
2. She saw a cat run in front of her. She fell down while roller-skating.
3. There was a meteor shower. The crew did not know how to avoid the meteors.
4. I wanted to buy a baby Chihuahua. I started to save my money.
5. Gillian did not like to read. She was not very good at it.
6. Pam liked Wayne. Leena also liked Wayne.
7. The little boy did not like going to school. He went anyway.
8. You can cry like a baby. You can clean your room like an adult.
LESSON 3 AGRICULTURE IN UZBEKISTAN
Agriculture in Uzbekistan employs 28% of the country's labor force and contributes 24% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Crop agriculture requires irrigation and occurs mainly in river valleys and oases. Desert pastures cover fully 50% of the country, but they support only sheep.
Cotton is Uzbekistan's main cash crop. With annual cotton production of about 1 million ton of fiber (4%-5% of world production) and exports of 700,000-800,000 tons (10% of world exports), Uzbekistan is the 6th largest producer and the 2nd largest exporter of cotton in the world.
The main cereals are wheat, barley, corn, and also rice, which is grown in intensively irrigated oases. Minor crops include sesame, onions, flax, and tobacco. Fresh fruits are mainly consumed domestically, while dried fruits are also exported. Uzbek melons known for their long life and unique taste.
Pelts of the karakul sheep bred in Bukhara and its environs are a traditional export commodity, but their contribution to total exports today is negligible. Cattle, sheep, and chickens are raised for meat.
Although silkworms and mulberry trees have existed in Uzbekistan since the 4th century and the country is known for its colorfully patterned silks, the silk industry continues to be statistically insignificant. Cotton is Uzbekistan's main cash crop, accounting for 17% of its exports in 2006. With annual cotton production of about 1 million ton of fiber, Uzbekistan is the 6th largest producer and the 2nd largest exporter of cotton in the world. However, because of the risks associated with a one-crop economy as well as from considerations of food security for the population, Uzbekistan has been moving to diversify its production into cereals, while reducing cotton production. Thus, the area sown to cotton was reduced from 1.9 million hectares in 1990 to 1.4 million hectares in 2006, while the area under cereals increased from 1.0 million to 1.6 million hectares (in part at the expense of areas allocated to feed crops). Another cause behind moves to diversify may be environmental, because the large quantities of irrigation and fertilization needed to produce cotton have contributed to the drying up of the Aral Sea and to the severe pollution of the soil in the surrounding areas.
The main cereals are wheat, barley, corn, and also rice, which is grown in intensively irrigated oases. Minor crops include sesame, onions, flax, and tobacco. Fresh fruits are mainly consumed domestically, while dried fruits are also exported. Uzbek melons, known for their long life and unique taste, are widely sought after in the large cities of the CIS.
Pelts of the karakul sheep bred in Bukhara and its environs are a traditional export commodity, but their contribution to total exports today is negligible. The production of karakul pelts dropped from 1.4 million pieces in 1990 to less than 700,000 pieces in 2004. Cattle, sheep, and chickens are raised for meat.
New words and word combinations:


Gross Domestic Product - Yalpi ichki maxsulot
Desert pasture - cho’l maydonlar
Labour force - ish kuchi
Cereals - boshoqli ekinlar