The term 'translation theory' (TT) is used as a synonym of several other terms accepted with a similar meaning in translat

(50) Cultural-semiotic approach to translation is based, on the one hand, on R. Jacobson's works that initiated a semiotic turn on the borderline of translation studies and cultural semiotics. These works show mat meaning can be lent to any kind of translation activity, methodologically the semiotic tradition has been characterized by bringing the concepts of meaning, interpretation and translation close to one another. These scholars put together inter-linguistic, intra-linguistic and intersemiotic translations which was crucial not only for translation studies, but also for developing the general notion of culture as the process of total translation. On the other hand, translation viewed as a working mechanism of culture is connected with semiotics of culture and thus it follows the traditions of M. Makhtin and J. Lotman. M. Bakhtin introduced the notion of dialogism in analyzing the language of literature which was further applied to « translation text as a place for two different logics of two different languages to meet in. It is very important to stress that this model has two important advantages compared to other theories: firstly, bringing semiotics into linguistics it broadened the boundaries of human communication, viewing a text as a code instead of looking at a text as a message produced on the basis of language alone it enabled to reconstruct cultural codes in their diversity and simultaneity

Cognitive model of translation developed by T.A.Fesenko, I..Flower, K.A.Schreiver within the framework of cognitive translatology is believed to incorporate the entire experience gained by translationists from Cicero, Saint Jerome and other great thinkers of the past. It is argued that a translator's main task is to reproduce in translation all the thoughts, expressed in a SLT, both in form and content while the reproduction of actual words is determined by the TL resources. According to this understanding, translation is viewed as human cognitive activity in the context of its socio-cultural functions. The central role is played by a translator who interprets the sense code contained in a SLT. Since there is no such a general universally accepted model of language, there are various models of translation linked with pure (formal) linguistics and contrastive, anthropological, cultural semiotic, cognitive and other macrolinguistic areas.