The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
Fiction of Modernity
(2008), Philip Armstrong argues that the “narrative, form and thematics of Moby Dick are all driven by the question: what do whales mean?” (101). Of course the complexity of the novel is in its multifaceted but ultimately frustrated considerations of this question. We might also add that literary criticism of the novel has largely been driven by the question: what does Moby Dick mean? As Armstrong correctly remarks, critics have tended to concentrate on “reading cetaceans as a screen for the projection of human meanings” (101) and, in other words, the now clichéd issue of whether Moby Dick is really a whale or not. Again, Baird’s animal-centred retelling demonstrates the objectification of the character when his experiences and life history are erased so that he can become a ‘screen’ for human meaning. Such allegorical readings of Moby Dick are not straightforward though, and the question of the whale’s meaning is often vexed by the issue of his agency. As an enigmatic literary animal, his agency lies in his ability to resist easy signification and the fact that he is a “vital” and “interesting” character (Baird 275). The difficulties of a coherent interpretation of Moby Dick are compounded Allmark-Kent 245 by the contradiction between the seemingly simultaneous expression of both sympathetic whale representations and nineteenth century whaling attitudes. As Armstrong argues, this leads some critics to try to ‘resolve’ the novel by simply imposing anachronistic late-twentieth century whale protection arguments onto the text: Melville displays an attitude very different from the popular sentiment in present-day Western societies, which regard any cetacean as a peculiarly ‘charismatic’ animal [...] whales are protected collectively because the rarity of some species vividly embodies the fragility of ecological biodiversity. And individual cetacean lives are valued because their mammalian characteristics, along with their purported intelligence and benignity, invite in humans a sense of kinship all the more distinctive because it coexists with other features that embody a radical otherness: their sometimes colossal proportions; their morphological similarity to an utterly different order of creatures; their occupation of an ‘alien world’ in the oceans. Sympathy for whales has spread well beyond the countercultures of environmentalism and animal rights. Moby Dick was written at a time when such attitudes were conspicuously absent. (104) Thus, Baird’s novel, which expresses the perspectives Armstrong describes here, can perhaps also be seen as an attempt to reconcile Moby Dick: In Melville’s day it was still possible to write of a conflict in which Man stood helpless against the vast, terrifying, enigmatic power of Nature. In this era of holes in the ozone layer; devastated rainforests and ravaged fish stocks —an era in which some whale species still have not fully recovered from the wholesale slaughter of previous centuries —humanity can no longer comfortably cast itself as the victim. We have ourselves become the vast and implacable force before which nothing can stand. (Baird 275) In her anti-anthropocentric rewriting of the novel, humans become monstrous and unknowable, and the once-enigmatic White Whale becomes knowable as the heroic protagonist Whitewave. The possibility of Moby Dick’s intelligent agency is tentative in Melville’s novel and is often described (and interpreted) in terms of anthropomorphism, but critics like Armstrong recognize the agency of his ‘animality’ instead—that is, his ability to resist representation. In light of all that I have discussed here then, we have to consider whether the imaginative Allmark-Kent 246 speculations of Baird and the others are worth the sacrifice of an animal’s literary agency. If researchers such as Whitehead use these representations to produce hypotheses to further our knowledge of nonhuman life, are these protagonists merely being used as ‘tools’ to aid an interesting thought experiment? More troublingly, we might also reflect on whether the nonhuman protagonists in all the different texts we have encountered here are just instruments of defamiliarization. Are we using these animals as ‘props’ for human meaning once again —this time to convey to each other different ideas about our relationship with other animals? Is Baird merely appropriating Whitewave’s identity to critique nineteenth century attitudes to whales? If so, is she simply writing in order to reconcile this canonical text with our twentieth century perception of whales? Whilst we trouble over these issues, animals remain utterly indifferent until the consequences of our discussions impact their quality of life. If our preoccupation with imagined animals in all forms of cultural production does nothing to improve quality of life, then we might as well continue to see them as symbols and nothing more. Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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