The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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populations. As discussed in the previous chapter, however, the zoocentric
commitment of these authors does not enable nuanced interpretations of the discourses and institutions that facilitated the exploitation of their chosen species. Although the more ‘detached,’ omniscient narration of the ‘realistic’ texts enables these sophisticated critiques, the speculative representations of Grove, Gowdy, and Baird offer a uniquely visceral engagement with nonhuman suffering. There is an obviou s contrast between Grove’s ant thought-experiment, and Gowdy and Baird’s speculations about elephant and whale societies. For the latter two, there is a smaller gap between their representations and the current research. As such, a smaller leap of the empathetic imagination is Allmark-Kent 232 needed . Both species are ‘charismatic’ and known for high levels of cognitive and social complexity. In many nations there is considerable support for the protection of whales and elephants. Nonetheless, regardless of species, the speculative style of representation is still prone to receiving criticism for heavy anthropomorphism or else complete dismissal as ‘fantasy.’ Both Grove and Gowdy negotiate the potentially controversial nature of their texts by drawing attention to the ‘translation’ of the nonhuman perspective. Their use of the fanciful and absurd seems to intentionally disrupt illusions of ‘fact’ and ‘accuracy,’ thereby reinforcing the fictionality of their work. The questions of ‘truth’ that preoccupied the Nature Fakers controversy are negated by these attempts to highlight the construction and mediation of their work. Bodsworth and Haig-Brown also employed methods of avoiding accusations of anthropomorphism or ‘nature faking.’ However, these tended to rely on deferring their authority to speak on behalf of their species or attempting to balance a contradictory attitude towards the sentience and complexity of their protagonists. Likewise, the complex disruption of ‘realism’ in the speculative texts can be awkward or heavy-ha nded at times (Grove’s ants teaching themselves to read, for instance). In White as the Waves, however, Baird presents an innovative solution to the wild animal story’s problematic relationship with ‘accuracy’ and ‘real animals.’ Unlike the others, she returns to the animal biography narrative structure, as well as the figure of the ‘animal hero.’ As in Lawrence’s White Puma, the fundamental plot is highly reminiscent of Seton ’s and Roberts’ stories: the first part of the narrative is preoccupied with the formative years of the protagonist’s biography; then s/he experiences the sudden and dramatic loss of their family at the hands of human hunters; and the rest of the narrative depicts their attempts to escape or pursue those same Allmark-Kent 233 humans. Uniquely, however, Baird’s narrative is also a zoocentric retelling of an anthropocentric, canonical novel. By appropriating the eponymous antagonist of Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (1851), she turns the narrative on its head; the whalers are now the unknowable creatures and it is Moby Dick (renamed White- as-the-Waves) who seeks to understand their violent attacks. This strategy is somewhat neater than those used by either Bodsworth and Haig-Brown or by Grove and Gowdy. Moreover, I suggest that it performs an important, additional role. First of all, we must recognize that the nonhuman identity Baird appropriates is both real and fictional. In 1839 Jerimiah Reynolds published “Mocha Dick: Or the White Whale of the Pacific” in The Knickerbocker magazine. It depicted an encounter with a vast albino sperm whale with multiple harpoons in its body, which indicated that it had survived previous attacks from whaling vessels. This report and the story of a whale sinking the Essex in 1820 are thought to have been Melville’s inspiration. Interestingly, Baird explains in her afterword that she was “intrigued to learn that the Great White Whale was not a figment of Melville’s imagination” and so was “tempted to write a life history of Mocha Dick [...] as a genuine historical figure,” but “something” kept drawing her “irresistibly” to the fictional whale instead (274-5, emphasis original). Whilst undoubtedly there is a real whale somewhere in the various myths of Mocha Dick, the history is so heavily mediated that it is almost impossible to discern the truth. Baird’s narrative holds only a tenuous connection to the “genuine historical figure,” since the intertextual chain back to the real whale includes the work of both Melville and Reynolds, as well as the multitude of whalers’ accounts of Mocha Dick and other albino sperm whales that were shaped by myths of monstrous leviathans in the ocean. Whilst it is “tempt[ing]” to write the biographies of real animals as Seton did, Baird’s Allmark-Kent 234 decision to write the biography of an already fictional animal allows her to skirt t he issues surrounding his ‘true’ stories. As we have seen, Timothy Findley used a similar strategy in Not Wanted Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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