The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
part” (370). As such, it seems inevitably that Gowdy’s elephant culture is
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part” (370). As such, it seems inevitably that Gowdy’s elephant culture is female-oriented ; the elephants worship the She, “the mother of elephants” (19) and refer to themselves as ‘She-ones,’ which applies to elephants of either sex and is “comparable to ‘mankind’” (xv). Gowdy also reverses the typical Western gender connotations of sun and moon: t he sun is “the eye of the She” whilst the moon is the eye of her son, the Rogue, who is “untrustworthy, mischievous and often malevolent” (19). This matriarchal elephant culture is perhaps the logical conclusion of a social structure in which females remain together and males are isolated. Despite their isolation, the males perform a vital role in the elephant society. Due to their wandering nature, the males contribute to the culture through exploration and the acquisition of knowledge. A facet of elephant culture which seems deeply embedded in the nonhuman perspective is the system of superstitions known as the ‘links’. Whilst the idea of superstitious elephants might seem disconnected from nonhuman experience, I argue that it is a speculation rooted in animal cognition and is perhaps a clue to the formation of the elephant’s culture. Tall Time spends his life gathering knowledge and attempting to learn every ‘link’, earning him the nickname the Link Bull. Cow families, lone bulls and bachelor herds consult Tall Time’s knowledge frequently, providing him with “opportunities to confirm or discount Allmark-Kent 218 the power of certain superstitions and thereby refine his inventory of determinants” (50). I argue that these ‘links’ are not merely fantasy; they are links between cause and effect. The ‘superstitions’ are based on contextual learning shared between individuals, occurring with sufficient frequency to be reinforced and remembered. For instance, it is considered unlucky to come across a three-legged hyena, a one-eyed wildebeest, or a crazy warthog (254). It is not difficult to imagine the pragmatic reasons behind such superstitions; the hyena and wildebeest may have been injured by nearby dangers and the warthog may be diseased or may have eaten something poisonous. If a nearby elephant later becomes ill or injured, and does not correctly attribute cause and effect, a ‘superstition’ may be created. Although the process is not made explicit, it is presumably in this way that the elephants draw the ‘links’ between cause and effect as they experience the world. Furthermore, just as a ‘superstition’ might become part of religion, an individual experiment or accident can become part of medicine: “[Date Bed] would ask the cows why one treatment was chosen over another [...] and the answer was always a variation of ‘That’s what works.’” (107). Rather than anthropomorphic fantasy, what Gowdy presents us with is a speculation on the production of nonhuman knowledge. It is particularly reminiscent of Seton’s imaginative explorations on the subject. The story of the Brierpatch in “Raggylug” had a similar way of extending notions of ‘myths’ to aid zoocentric discussions of nonhuman knowledge exchange. As in “Raggylug,” we can see that through individual exploration, trial and error, and the creation of links between cause and effect, nonhuman knowledge is produced and shared. Culture and language are frequently seen as the defining characteristics of humans but increasing numbers of studies however are Allmark-Kent 219 finding groups of animals that are sharing knowledge, skills or problem-solving techniques with their companions. The exclusive human claim to culture may be becoming increasingly destabilized. Drawing a link with Grove’s ‘agricultural ants,’ it seems that anthropocentric interpretations shape what is ‘unlikely’ for nonhumans and, therefore, what is deemed anthropomorphic. From this perspective, then, we can see Gowdy’s “extreme” and “sustained” anthropomorphism (Oerleman 184) as an imaginative exploration into the production of culture f rom an elephant’s point of view. In order to explore this production of knowledge and enrich her zoocentric, elephant perspective, Gowdy explores the learning process of an individual elephant when she encounters a car wing-mirror for the first time. In a reference to Tall Time ’s production of knowledge and ‘superstitions,’ Date Bed regards the place where she found the mirror as potentially “sacred” because “it yielded the amazing Thing ” (162). She initially encounters the mirror (or Thing) during a confrontation with four lionesses: Her right foot came down on a stone. She snatched it up. Even in her terror she could feel how unnaturally cold and smooth it was. She swung it, and a pale beam of light flew over the ground. The lionesses stepped back from the beam [ …] And while Date Bed continued to trumpet and brandish the stone, her assailants disappeared. (164) A mysterious object which frightens and deters lions is an obvious advantage to an elephant, particularly one alone, weak and wounded in a drought-stricken landscape; again, we can see that the construction of ‘superstitions’ is pragmatic (as in Seton’s ‘brierpatch’ patch story). As soon as the lions are a safe distance away, when she can “no longer smell them,” she examines her “weapon” (164). Reminiscent of Consider Her Ways, Date Bed uses her own frame of reference to explore the object: It was no stone. It was too cold and too symmetrical: flat on one side, curved on the other, about the size of an ostrich egg but heavier than Allmark-Kent 220 that and more elongated; it was like an elongated egg sliced in half. The curved side shone like slime. The flat side shone like water, and like water she could see herself in it … if she held it at a certain angle, with the moonlight in her eye, and when she did that her image was so unclouded that she gasped. She pivoted the Thing and waved it where the lionesses had been. The beam appeared. (164) Here, Gowdy begins to break down the dichotomy between nature and culture. A piece of human technology that enables human animals to travel at high speed through the natural environment is experienced by an elephant as part of nature. She compares it to a stone, an egg, slime, and water. It then becomes Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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