The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
Download 3.36 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Allmark-KentC
pig there lives happiness and joy, sorrow and pain, trust and anguish and
dependency. (83, emphasis added) Grove creates an idealized image of farm life, where the animals are “not kept in one of those unspeakable enclosures to which they are confined on other farms,” here they “run and roam at pleasure,” a “cleanly, jolly bunch” (83). As Wawa- quee summarizes, the pigs did not fear the farmer: “Was he not their benign and gracious master who fed them and who had taught them to rely on him in all their needs?” (83). She notes, however, that there was “one old sow” who “never took part” in the antics of the other pigs: “She had a wistful look in her yellow, slit-like eyes and stood back, grunting angrily whenever this pleasant scene was enacted” (84). Ominously, Wawa-quee remarks: “She knew; and a little later I, too, was to know” (84). The truth known by the old sow and Wawa-quee, eventually, is the uncomfortable knowledge that the vast majority of human-animal interaction is always mediated (in the human mind) by anthropocentrism. Human-dominated encounters with nonhumans occur largely for the human’s benefit, usually at the expense of the nonhuman. Just as she was forced to witness the decapitation of the Ecitons, Wawa-quee witnesses the slaughter of a previously “high-spirited” pig: he fetched the axed [sic] which was clearly unknown to the pig, for, as he returned with it, the poor brute betrayed nothing but expectant curiosity. He raised the weapon aloft […] Then he brought it down with a tremendous, relentless swing, straight onto the centre of the pig’s head. The pig did not fall but stood stunned; blood rushed into its eyes; it was Allmark-Kent 208 completely taken by surprise. An immense, bottomless abhorrence was mingled with the agony of pain; it tried to take a step; but it reeled; and then it seem to awake to its purpose and tried to escape […] at last, when the pig, in a frenzy of fear, finding the door closed, rushed past him once more, [the man] brought the powerful weapon down on that head a second time. The pig collapsed; its legs went rigid, though still atremble […] the man plunged a sharp instrument resembling the sickle of an Eciton but much larger into its neck, so that blood rushed out like a fountain. Life ebbed; the joints relaxed; the brute lay limp. (84-5) After witnessing the terrible scene, Wawa- quee and her companions “fle[e] in horror and it is “weeks” before they desire “to see any more of man’s doings” (85). Throughout the novel Wawa-quee makes assertions regarding the nature of human behaviour or mentality, often mimicking the speciesist language of human observations of animals: Surely, man, as an animal endowed with reason, if reason it can be called, is a mere upstart. I would rather call him endowed with a low sort of cunning. His self-styled civilization is a mere film stretched over a horrible ground-mass of savagery. Man is no farther advanced in his own development than Ecitons or Ponerines are in theirs. (85, emphasis added) Grove performs a reversal, not only of the observer-observed relationship, but of the dichotomy between human reason and animal instinct. Indeed, F.P.G.’s introduction remarks: “It is interesting to see, in the pages that follow, how much of man’s activities ants ascribe to instinct” (18). The defamiliarizing, zoocentric perspective reminds readers that they are animals —relatives of those they squash with their shoe or eat for dinner —endowed with the ability to think, define, and self- style themselves as ‘human.’ The casual, thoughtless way in which each act of violence is committed undermines belief in uniquely human ‘reason’ and ‘intelligence.’ Wawa-quee’s voice of nonhuman outrage breaks the ‘civilized’ silence of speciesism which enables the thoughtless, guiltless murder of all ‘those’ not designated ‘human.’ The strength of this defamiliarization relies on Wawa- quee’s zoocentric perspective. In order to be compellingly ‘nonhuman,’ however, Grove creates a Allmark-Kent 209 range of ant-centric terms and concepts. To do this effectively, he relies on knowledge of ant behaviour, for instance, the use of scent, touch, and body lan guage in communication: one ant greets another by touching first “antennae, then […] thorax and head” (40); in ‘conversation’ an ant uses “the slightest motion of her antennae” or a precise “scent” (40); and, indeed, the ants transfer information using “scent-trees” (31), a real technique used by several species. Here, we can find surprising similarities with the ‘bodily-language’ of Lawrence’s pumas. In addition, Grove’s ants measure using “common ant-lengths” (37), a speculation that reinforces his zoocentric imaginative challenge. Nonetheless, Wawa- quee’s criticisms of humanity require knowledge of concepts and objects that would be unfamiliar to an ant. Taking, for example, the instances of violent human-animal encounters, we find a range of terms irrelevant and unknown to an ant: “tongs” (46); “cylinder” (46); “arm” (47) where she had previously specified ‘forelimb’; “instrument” (48); “axe” (84); “door” (85). Grove’s translation technique can, of course, account for this. Even so, he does draw attention to the problematic nature of the narrative’s translation on several occasions. It is significant that this failure of communication is only one way: Wawa-quee encounters an object unknown to her and F.P.G. must guess what it is. The situation is never reversed. In an end- note, the ‘editor’ remarks: “Whenever dealing with man, Wawa- quee’s consciousness became purely visual and was transferred to me in that form […] Whenever such a case arises in which I understand what the ant does not, I shall, in what fol lows, use italics” (208). Perhaps F.P.G.’s knowledge of Wawa-quee’s experience is so complete that he has no difficulty in translating “scent-trees” or “ant-lengths,” yet his assertion that he “understand[s] what the ant does not” seems strikingly anthropocentric. Using Wawa- quee’s first encounter with a human as an example, it seems Allmark-Kent 210 inconsistent that she would recognize “scissors” (48) but not “forceps” (47). Grove provides a potential, albeit rather unlikely, solution: Wawa-quee learns English. During an expedition north, the ants seek shelter from the winter in the New York public library. Here, they encounter books for the first time. Azte-ca, “chief signaller and recorder” (9), teaches herself to recognize and understand human communication systems. Presumably this extraordinary feat is accomplished through her specialist expertise: “she could find ways and means of communicating with ants and other insects and even, as we shall see, with mammals which no one else could find” (130). In turn, Azte-ca passes her knowledge on to Wawa-quee, who learns to read exceptionally quickly: I found from man’s own records, that it takes his callows, according to the degree of initiation required, from six to sixteen years to acquire the art of deciphering such records […] On the other hand, it took me, once I had grasped the complicated principles involved, exactly one hour to learn to read any record of his. (181). Here Grove is exceedingly close to straying into the absurd and unbelievable, almost pushing his speculative representations too far. Whilst still providing an alternative perspective on humanity, his ants are transformed into tiny, super- intelligent, anthropomorphic aliens and it becomes difficult for the reader to continue perceiving his ants as ants. Furthermore, Wawa- quee’s knowledge of human language implies that she could have communicated her narrative to F.P.G. in English. If so, such an act would negate the mediating effect of F.P.G.’s translation, implying that the novel’s instances of anthropomorphism are not merely the consequence of the editor’s anthropocentric bias. One could also read this scene as Grove’s strongest imaginative challenge to the reader. Throughout the novel, he tests our openness to his speculative representations of ant intelligence. In this final defiance of anthropocentrism, Wawa-quee Allmark-Kent 211 breaks the language barrier typically held as the strongest evidence for human uniqueness. Indeed, if she did communicate the narrative to F.P.G. in English, this would be an astounding act of nonhuman empowerment. A ‘lowly’ ant learns human language to create a voice for herself: she communicates her Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling