The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
Download 3.36 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Allmark-KentC
quee’s ways, we are presented
with a rich imaginative speculation that challenges anthropocentric and speciesist thinking. This depends, of course, on whether we allow ourselves to be seen seen by a fictional ant. We must also consider how reading the novel “in that sense” impacts our understanding of the text as a whole: it is a “picture of antdom […] essentially true to fact,” but also the “product” of an “ant’s imagination” and “pure fiction” (8). It has also been “communicated to” and translated by a human (25). The mediation of the ant’s story is explicit; it is not a direct expression of her consciousness but a human impression of it. The distinction cannot be overlooked as it provides a strategy for both disrupting the ‘accuracy’ of the text and maintaining the imagined agency of the ant. It is F.P.G. who claims to know the ant, not Grove. Again, he is protected from ‘nature faking’ accusations by distancing his authorial voice. In an essay otherwise preoccupied with allegory and anthropomorphism —disregarding wholly the possibility of reading these ants as ants —Salvatore Proietti remarks: “Only by feeling directly from inside the Other’s experience, only by going beyond the mediation of language and the barrier of an irremediably mendacious subjectivity, can real knowledge be attained” (369). This is true of F.P.G. (if we read the novel “in that sense”) but in order for the reader to experienc e this “real knowledge” it must return to the “mediation of language.” Thus, it becomes an interpretation. Indeed Grove opens the introduction by stating that all knowledge of nonhumans is mediated by the bias of the human observer: “according as the human-race conceit of the investigator was strongly or weakly developed, the behaviour of these insects, Allmark-Kent 204 especially ants, was placed either in contrast or in comparison with the behaviour of man” (12). Therefore, we can regard Consider as a scientifically- infor med speculation that makes no claims of ‘truth’ and reminds readers that all sciences are continually subject to revision and new research. In other words, he reinforces the possibility that our current understanding of nonhuman life is inaccurate. The interaction between Wawa-quee and F.P.G. in the introduction constitutes the only nonviolent animal-human encounter in the text. All others are exploitative or hazardous to the ant. Repeatedly, various opportunities for interspecies relationships are thwarted and each time it is the human who transforms the potential interaction into violence. As the only nonviolent interaction in the text, it is significant that Wawa-quee instigates the communication. Indeed, she directs the whole encounter while F.P.G. is p assive. He describes the “bond of sympathy” established between himself and the ants (20). This language echoes Roberts, Seton, and Salt. Apparently it is through patience and passivity that we might “cultivate a closer intimacy with the wild animals” as Salt suggests (53). Indeed, Wawa-quee’s first encounter with a human constitutes the extreme opposite to this interaction. From her perspective, capture by a human is bewildering and distressing: To our amazement, he reached for us, not with the long, slender toes of his fore-feet, but with a pair of tongs. Before I knew what was happened, he has grasped me by the pedicel (of all the places to catch an ant: the pedicel!), lifted me and dropped me into a hollow cylinder. (Grove 46) The ants are placed, to their “horror,” with their “worst enemies,” Eciton Hamatum or army ants (46). This error demonstrates either the human’s ignorance of the relationship between these species or his inability to tell them apart; both could indicate myopic anthropocentrism. In the cylinder, the ants are carried to a different location: “our bearer was wildly shaking us up and down: Allmark-Kent 205 apparently he was running in that clumsy human way, using only his hind- feet” (46). The ants find themselves in a “chamber” (47) where they are shaken out of the cylinder and on to “a flat white surface of extraordinary smoothness […] The surface was circular and surrounded by a moat twelve antlengths wide and filled with water” (47). Across the room they see a woman “lying like one dead stretched out on a raised platform” (47). Lying with her “fore-foot” bared to the “upper-joint,” she has “a wide, bleeding gash twenty antlengths long and gaping, with its ragged edged separated by at least four antlengths” (47). A doctor then uses the Eciton ants to suture the wound on the woman’s arm, a relatively well-known procedure, but one which would be unknown to Wawa-quee. Grove utilizes her zoocentric perspective to defamiliarize the scene: bending over the platform, [he] picked up a giant soldier Eciton, applying the foreceps to her pedicel. I distinctly remember how this individual opened her formidable and menacing sickle-jaws as though to attack her captor […] As it turned out, this gesture of menace was exactly what the human wanted to produce […] with the extended toes of his free forelimb, he pressed the ragged edges of the gaping wound in the human female’s arm together, he approached, with the other, the head of the Eciton. At once the ant buried her jaws, on both sides of the red line, in the huma n flesh and drew them close together […] The process of closing the wound had been finished. Twenty-five Ecitons had buried their jaws in the human flesh and were holding the edges of the wound together. And now comes the most amazing thing of all: a thing so horrible that I can barely bring myself to relate it. The master had risen and was bending over the wounded arm. In one fore-foot he held a new instrument, a pair of scissors, of the same metal as the forceps. With this he severed the heads of the Ecitons from their bodies, allowing the latter to fall to the ground. I nearly swooned. (47-8, emphasis original) Humans can make use of the convenient power of ant jaws to suture wounds without a second thought. Such an act is legitimized through the anthropocentric discourses of speciesism: a single human life outweighs the lives of countless nonhumans. Wawa- quee’s defamiliarizing perspective provides an alternative view of human practices, one that emphasizes the Allmark-Kent 206 grotesque horror of the scene. Rather than a doctor performing an emergency suture, we witness something akin to a terrible alien conducting a cruel and arbitrary mutilation. There is a particularly striking juxtaposition between the ghastly severing of the Eciton’s heads and the casual manner in which it performed. We are given a close- up, ant’s-eye-view of the violence. Throughout the novel, Grove demonstrates the contrast between the significance such casual acts of cruelty holds for the humans and nonhumans involved. Elsewhere, for instance, Wawa- quee observes that the “humans did not even seem to be aware of our presence” (175). At this moment she is noticed, however, and instantly becomes a target: For suddenly I was observed. A human hurrying along, with this head bent low, saw me and stopped. He stopped and, deliberately lifting his rear hind-foot, he brought it down on top of me in order to crush me out of existence! […] Fortunately he was too stupid to understand that his fell purpose was not achieved; and so he went on at once. (175-6) Again, such a casual act of violence is widely accepted amongst humans, legitimized through speciesism and forgotten as quickly as it is committed. A man deliberately tries to kill a living being for no reason. As if the value of a life corresponded to the size of the subject of that life, he carries on walking: out of sight, out of mind. Grove presents the reader with the type of act that they may have committed and defamiliarizes it through zoocentric speculation. Nearly all humans are complicit, directly or indirectly, in the deaths of countless animals but rarely is this acknowledged openly. In Consider, violence against nonhumans is not allowed to remain out of sight or out of mind. Such critiques of human cruelty occur throughout the book but the most harrowing does not involve interaction between ants and humans. Instead, Wawa-quee observes the encounters between a farmer and his animals. Like Allmark-Kent 207 many other animal-human encounters in the novel, it begins with the apparent potential for positive interaction: this man never mistreated the cows and horses […] he spoke kindly to them and patted their rumps […] What, however, at this stage, delighted me most was his relation to the pigs […] at the sight of their beloved master they would squeal […] The man would stop and laugh at their antics; and sometimes he would pat one of them […] This man, I thought, realizes that he is dealing with a life like his own; he knows that even in a Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling