The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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The White Bone
As with Consider Her Ways and Alison Baird’s White as the Waves (a zoocentric reimagining of Moby Dick from the sperm whale’s perspective), Barbara Gowdy’s The White Bone is often regarded as anthropomorphic Allmark-Kent 213 fantasy. I argue that such readings are reductive, however, and overlook the fact that Gowdy’s speculative representation is rooted deeply in the behaviour of real African elephants. She was first inspired by a National Geographic documentary narrated by Cynthia Moss which depicted the mourning practices of an elephant family. In the film, the group comes across a skeleton they seem to recognize and begin sniffing, fondling, and cradling the bones with their trunks before performing a “mourning ceremony: they first cover the skeleton with dirt, sticks, and leaves, then turn their backs to it, each one passing a hind foot over the remains” (Soper-Jones 269). Gowdy was struck by the “almost religious practices” of the elephants and the “ritual fashion” in which they carried out the mourning (Sandlos 87). She explains that it was “so evocative” because it seemed to indicate an “awareness that we have no access to” (Gowdy/Reading Groups ). We might characterize Gowdy’s experience as her first recognition of the elephants as subjects of a life whose cognitive, emotional, and social complexities reach beyond our current knowledge. There is a hint of intelligent autonomy in the “awareness” she describes, as well as the impression that these deaths would impact the unique biographies of those individuals. The death would have a lasting impact. Gowdy describes an “awareness and a kind of reverence of the dead, a recognition that they themselves die ” associated with these behaviours which might indicate that they possess “some consciousness as we understand consciousness” (Gowdy/Reading Groups). What is unexpected (and perhaps defamiliarizing) here is that this awareness means that the other elephants continue to recognize their companion as the subject of a life, even in death. For us, the nonhuman subject of a life is always poised to become a useful dead object. In this nonhuman encounter (albeit mediated through the documentary-making Allmark-Kent 214 process) Gowdy recognizes a gap between our perceptions of animal consciousness and their surprisingly complex behaviour. The implication is that our current understanding is insufficient. As with Seton, Roberts, and the other zoocentric authors, Gowdy identifies the potential for sustained, committed speculative explorations of nonhuman life within this space of the ‘unknown.’ Her imaginative work extends beyond straightforward speculations on mental and emotional capacities. Gowdy creates a rich elephant culture with religion, myths, medicine and songs. More problematically, she also envisions elephants capable of prescience and telepathy. The more implausible aspects of her speculation risk disrupting our ability to read her elephants as elephants. Although I suggest that even these elements assist in her challenge to both our perception of the nonhuman world and our belief in human intellectual superiority. In Consider, these fantastical elements aid her rejection of ‘realism’ and the associated need for ‘accuracy.’ Gowdy’s depiction of a herd of elephants struggling to survive drought and ivory poachers is not a human drama dressed- up in animal costume, it is “an attempt, however presumptuous, to make a huge imaginative leap —to imagine what it would be like to be that big and gentle, to be that imperilled, and to have that prodigi ous a memory” (Gowdy/Siciliano, emphasis added). Despite the conventions signalling to us that The White Bone is ‘anthropomorphic’ (intelligent elephants with culture and religion) and ‘fantastical,’ (telepathy and prescience) John Sandlos comments that Gowdy’s “rigor” and “attentiveness to natural science” matches that of Seton, Roberts, and Bodsworth (87). Indeed, in her acknowledgements Gowdy provides a list of the “[m]any books” which “proved helpful” during her research (Gowdy 329). As with Roberts, the authors of these speculative texts use a range of paratextual Allmark-Kent 215 features (introductions, ap pendixes, author’s notes) to demonstrate the extent of their research and to reinforce their engagement with science. As we have seen, however, the scientific research of the ‘realistic’ text is made apparent within the narrative itself, as was usually the case in Seton’s work. The sometimes ‘fantastical’ elements of the speculative representations make it all the more important to make their engagement with sciences explicit. As such, f ew critics take issue with Gowdy’s representation of elephant biology and behaviour; it is her speculation on elephant culture and religion which invites the labels ‘anthropomorphism’ and ‘allegory’. Onno Oerleman refers to The White Bone as “the most extreme and sustained example of anthropomorphism I have encountered” (184). Yet Sandlos claims that to label Gowdy’s elephants as anthropomorphic “is to miss the point,” instead we are challenged to “accept the idea that ‘real’ biological animals may have cultural experiences similar in kind to those of human beings” (88). Rebecca Raglon and Marian Scholtmeijer note the challenge to anthropocentric kno wledge in Gowdy’s speculations. Since it is in our own interest to skew knowledge of nonhuman animals in order to defend exploitation, Raglon and Scholtmeijer contend that, human “knowledge cannot be completely trusted” (135). The point is not to argue that animals actually share language or have mystical visions; it is “to challenge human ‘knowledge’ by imagining other possibilities” (135). Although not explicit, it is possible to detect in these authors’ discussions of the ‘ideas’ and ‘other possibilities’ she imagines, an appreciation of the speculative nature of Gowdy’s novel. Whale-biologist Hal Whitehead develops this sense of speculation further however, and argues: “We need to take these constructions [in White as the Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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