The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
parts that are consistent with what
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Waves and The White Bone], note the large parts that are consistent with what
we know, and use them as hypotheses to guide our work” (371). Here the Allmark-Kent 216 complex relationship between science and speculative animal fiction is evident. Gowdy’s initial speculation was sparked by the research of Cynthia Moss and others. Intrigued by the potential similarities between humans and elephants, she researched elephant behaviour and cognition, as well as theories of the animal mind. In an explicit rejection of behaviourism, she imagines the limits of the elephant mind, envisaging language, abstract thought and culture. In order to encourage her reader’s acceptance of this speculation, she disrupts our confidence in the human knowledge of the nonhuman throughout the novel. She opens the space of possibility within which scientists such as Whitehead make their own speculations and discover new avenues for research. Through disrupting and destabilizing certain forms of scientific knowledge —particularly those based on anthropocentrism —Gowdy reinforces others, those based on animal cognition and intellectual complexity. Whitehead argues that only a “reductionist” would “class these portraits with Winnie-the-Pooh as fantasies on the lives of animals [...] for me they ring true, and may well come closer to the natures of these animals than the coarse numerical abstractions that come from my own sc ientific observations” (370). Ultimately, he recognizes that these literary speculations are “built on” scientific research and have the potential to feed back into it; in other words “the communication should be reciprocal” (371). Gowdy’s original speculation was inspired by real behaviour, and so the structure of her imagined elephant society and the production of her imagined elephant culture, develop from our current knowledge of elephant life. Related female elephants and their infants travel together in herds led by the eldest, and whilst males might group together into a bachelor herd for a short time, they are largely solitary. Thus, in The White Bone male and female elephants assist in the construction of their culture in different ways; wandering males gather Allmark-Kent 217 stories, geographical information and news from other herds, whilst the females construct and sustain a matriarchal religion. Gowdy utilizes what we know of the social behaviour of elephants in order to imagine how these structures would impact the formation of culture. Whitehead summarizes: “Their females are concerned with religion and environment as well as the survival of calves; their males inhabit a rich social and ecological fabric of which mating is only a small Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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