The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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She watches him, “waving her antennae eighteen inches from [his] face,” holding him “motionless”. The narrator sits eye-to-eye with the ant for more than an hour: Involuntarily, my attention had become centred on the black, polished stemmata or median eyes in her head. Their glint and glitter seemed so human. With all the intensity of which I was capable I wished to understand what this ant was about; but her shining eyes and unceasing motions of her antennae slowly had a confusing effect […] I was bewildered and puzzled as I returned to the plantation. Something uncanny had unbalanced me. (22) Thus, F.P.G. experiences the uncanny gaze of the nonhuman; familiar and alm ost ‘human’ yet simultaneously unfamiliar and ‘alien.’ As an ant, she may be difficult to empathize with but through her actions, F.P.G. gets an impression of her as a fellow subject of a life. Indeed, as Mark Payne observes, “there is an archive of hunting narratives that focus on this moment of eye contact between hunter and hunted” (3). This moment often results in some form of change or conversion, during which the hunter reconsiders his/her actions. We might interpret the ethical transformation of the hunter in The White Puma as such an encounter. According to Derrida, this is the effect of being “seen seen by the animal” (382). To be seen seen by the animal is to feel the nonhuman gaze turned upon the human. It is the abrupt recognition of an animal’s consciousness, a unique autonomous nonhuman perspective. As Derrida Allmark-Kent 202 states, it is a human’s acknowledgement that “an animal could, facing them, look at them, clothed or naked, and in a word, without a word, address them […] and address them from down there, from a wholly other origin” (382). In The White Puma, the animal-human encounter enabled the hunter to recognize that animals are sentient, for the first time. As noted these visual exchanges often result in the human’s increased empathy or sense of kinship with the nonhuman, although it takes an exaggerated form in Grove’s book. In a quite literal ‘fantasy of knowing the nonhuman’, Wawa-quee chooses to communicate with F.P.G. telepathically. Grove does not give the details of how this exchange operates but after the encounter the narrator seems to hold the knowledge of Wawa- quee’s life: I knew that I was not yet I. I walked and acted like a human being; but my mind was that of an ant; I had lived her life; and her memory was mine. I could look back upon all she had gone through; and it devolved upon me to put down a record of what, by some miracle, had been communicated to, or infused into, my consciousness. I cannot, therefore, claim that what follows is my work. It is the work of Wawa-quee, the ant; and it must be read in that sense. I merely set it down under compulsion. (Grove 25, emphasis added) Here, again, we find an emphasis on the role of nonhuman biography as a means of enabling empathy. By knowing her life, he has acquired a new zoocentric perspective. In the ultimate act of the empathetic imagination, F.P.G. is human with the “mind” of an “ant” (25). She is no longer ‘uncanny’ or ‘alien.’ Recalling the similarities observed between F.P.G. and Seton ’s depiction of himself, it is possible to read this scene as a criticism of the fantasy of knowing the animal. By emphasizing the strangeness and alterity of the ant, Grove may be parodying Seton’s impossible claims that he can know and interpret the lives of animals. Thus, there is the possibility that F.P.G. is simply deluded. Nonetheless, the practical zoocriticism framework prioritizes zoocentric interpretations of texts and I am compelled by the possible clue that the novel Allmark-Kent 203 “must be read in that sense” (25). If we accept the challenge to read Wawa- quee as an ant, our efforts are validated by the strength of her defamiliarizing zoocentric perspective. If we do consider Wawa- Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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