The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
At the Crossroads of Science, Advocacy, and Literature: the Origins of
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Allmark-KentC
At the Crossroads of Science, Advocacy, and Literature: the Origins of
Practical Zoocriticism The analytical framework I have developed during the course of this research which I call ‘practical zoocriticism,’ blends Glen A. Love’s scientific ‘practical ecocriticism’ with Graham Huggan and Helen Tiffin’s literary ‘zoocriticism’ to interpret what Marian Copeland terms, ‘zoocentric’ texts. Although I have already provided an overview of some current issues facing animal studies, and literary animal studies, in this section I will offer a more Allmark-Kent 19 detailed case for the creation of such a framework, after which, I will outline my methods and their suitability for re-contextualizing and re-evaluating the wild animal story. Despite the characteristic interdisciplinarity of animal studies, I have observed that interactions between literary and scientific researchers have been negligible. Even the emerging work studying the relationship between literature and science has paid little attention to the literary animal. With such an obvious point of contact, it seems surprising that there has not been more engagement between animal sciences, animal studies, literary animal studies, and literature and science studies. I suggest that that this deficiency exposes some of the disciplinary biases, anxieties, and prejudices that have remained at work, despite our common ground. Without devoting too much space to unpicking these issues, I believe that the marginalization of literature about animals is an obvious starting point. In “Nonhuman Animals,” an essay for Society & Animals (1998), Marion Copeland notes that, due to the literary studies’ “inherited humanistic tradition,” the only “major works are those focused on human protagonists in human- centred drama/plots,” whereas literature about animals is routinely “ignored, seen as minor or skewed so that the nonhuman animal subject is interpreted as metaphor or symbol meant to illuminate something human” (87). This marginalization is further compounded by the stigmatization of concern for animals, which John Simons recognizes as constructed in terms of anthropomorphism and sentimentality as a sign of “childishness or effeminacy” (37). We can perhaps assume that those who perpetuate this stigma imagine that all literary animals are anthropomorphic —essentially humans in silly animal costumes —and are unaware that any serious, committed attempts to represent Allmark-Kent 20 animal experience exist at all. These assumptions and prejudices are informed by the reciprocal interactions between anthropocentrism and anthropomorphism. As Glen Love puts it in Practical Ecocriticism (2003), literary studies has, thus far, been conducted so as to “serve as a textbook example of anthropocentrism: divorced from nature and in denial of the biological underpinnings of our humanity and our tenuous connection to the planet” (23). Like Copeland, he explains how this human-centred thinking extends to the literary canon: It is one of the great mistaken ideas of anthropocentric thinking (and thus one of the cosmic ironies) that society is complex while nature is simple. […] That literature in which nature plays a significant role is, by definition, irrelevant and inconsequential. That nature is dull and uninteresting, while society is sophisticated and interesting. (23) Thus, the self-perpetuating problem becomes clear; by marginalizing all texts that prioritize the nonhuman, or by distorting them until they seem to be about humans, literary studies creates and maintains the belief that all animal literature is only ever anthropocentric and anthropomorphic. In other words, it erases the possibility of zoocentric animal literature, our point of cross- disciplinary contact. I also suggest, however, that —rather curiously—present trends in literary animal studies may be perpetuating its own isolation. According to my own observations, the field currently operates through a broadly animal-sceptical perspective. As stated above, this stance is sceptical of culture’s ability to construct and classify the animal in a way that makes it meaningful to humans (Baker 9). Hence, m y previous assertion that it is likely to prioritize the ‘failure of knowing’ and ‘acceptance of not-knowing’ models of animal representation. In such an analysis, the radical alterity of the nonhuman is used to interrogate, challenge, or re-evaluate dominant forms of knowledge. This becomes Allmark-Kent 21 problematic, however, when attempting cross-disciplinary engagement. From the animal-sceptical perspective, scientific knowledge of animal life tends to be associated with anthropocentrism, speciesism, and human arrogance. I perceive two particular dangers in this strategy: fetishization and immobilization. Despite literary animal studies’ collective declaration to take animals in literature seriously —to see each as an animal, not as symbol or allegory—it is possible to become too focused on the animal’s subversive, anti-anthropocentric presence to the point that all connection to the fleshy realities of living animals is forgotten. The animal becomes a fetishized symbol of alterity, and inadvertently abstracted into a prop for human meaning once again, or as Steve Best put it, “buried in dense theoretical webs” (Best). For those animal-sceptics engaging with ‘animality studies’ this is perhaps not an issue. But literary scholars who offer contributions to advocacy-oriented work in animal studies can become immobilized by the animal’s ability to demonstrate the fallibility and insufficiency of human knowledge. Furthermore, as Love observes, such thinking can lead to a kind of anthropocentric, human solipsism —a “subjectivism [which] intimates no reality, no nature, beyond what we construct within our own minds” (25). Thus, in becoming lost in this type of deconstruction, we can distance ourselves from the engaged, innovative work of the broader, multidisciplinary animal studies project. In a review for the journal Anthrozoös , Copeland defines “zoocentric texts” as “literature in which nonhumans appear not as the agents of social satire or of allegory but as characters in their own life stories” (277). She adds that such texts use “a variety of literary techniques, including anthropomorphism, to interpret the stories of other living beings for human readers who cannot, unaided, hear the words of the furred, feathered, scaled, or Allmark-Kent 22 finned, never mind the leafed or barked” (277). This idea is reminiscent of Simons’ assertion, stated above, that the “imaginative and speculative acts of literature” coming “closest to the animal experience in itself” deserve recognition (7). I believe that what both Copeland and Simons describe is essentially the ‘fantasy of knowing’ the animal, an animal-endorsing form of representation that uses literature as a conduit for empathy and education. And indeed, Love promotes a similar such use of literature. He observes that the nature-endorsers gain credibility where the nature- sceptics do not by “being drawn to real problems and in advocating and working towards analyses and solutions” (8). Whether these problems are insurmountable or not, as “literary citizens” it makes sense “to write, read, teach—even in recognition of the mediated contextuality at work —with more attention to the biological and ecological context than has been previously evident in dominant nature- sceptical thinking” (8). This position of practicality leads him toward: ecological, naturalist, scientifically grounded arguments that recognize human connection with nature and the rest of organic life and acknowledge the biological sciences as not just another cultural construction. Rather, they are the necessary basis for a joining of literature with what has proven itself to be our best human means for discovering how the world works. (7) Thus, we can begin to seen the potential for “literary citizens” to join the allegiance between the natural sciences and advocacy for the protection of nature. Indeed, rather promisingly, Copeland also promotes such interdisciplinarity. She comments that the arguments of scientists, environmentalists, and advocates may prove more useful than “the insights of canonical literary critics whose homo- or anthro-pocentric universe seems to find little value in art that unlocks the door to the realm of the nonhuman” (277). A similar tone of practicality can be found in Huggan and Tiffin’s Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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