The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism


Practical Zoocriticism and the Wild Animal Story


Download 3.36 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet7/91
Sana07.09.2023
Hajmi3.36 Mb.
#1673938
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   ...   91
Bog'liq
Allmark-KentC

Practical Zoocriticism and the Wild Animal Story 
Practical zoocriticism studies the intersection between: literary 
representations of nonhuman animals; the theoretical and practical work of 


Allmark-Kent 24 
animal advocacy (animal ethics, welfare, and conservation); and the scientific 
study of animal minds. It recognizes that all three factors
—literature, advocacy, 
and science
—are in constant flux, as are their relationships with each other. 
The practical zoocriticism model acknowledges, as best as possible, that these 
relationships are often complex, obtuse, and not necessarily favoured by all of 
their practitioners. For instance, an author may represent animals in literature 
without developing a scientific understanding of animal minds. An animal 
cognition researcher may have no interest in animal ethics. And a welfare 
campaigner may see no value in literary representations of animals. Even within 
animal advocacy, the relationships between differing approaches can be 
fraught; wildlife conservation and animal ethics are often at odds. These 
diverging attitudes can be quite common, but the work of practical zoocriticism 
is to pursue the instances in which all three factors are in alignment and explore 
the practical possibilities of their interaction. It is my belief that the wild animal 
stories of Seton and Roberts constitute just such an alignment of literature, 
science, and advocacy. 
In the preface to his first collection of realistic wild animal stories, Kindred 
of the Wild 
(1902), Roberts writes that, whether avowedly or not, “it is with the 
psychology of animal life that the representative animal stories of to-day [sic] 
are first of all concerned” (16). Seton’s own first collectionWild Animals I Have 
Known
, was published four years earlier, but it is in Roberts’ preface that we 
find the first attempt to define their new genre. Aware that they were attempting 
a literary innovation, both authors often wrote such self-conscious prefaces to 
their collections. However, Roberts proposed aims and characteristics for the 
genre, whereas Seton merely discussed his own work. As I will demonstrate in 
my third chapter, based on my observations, I contend that Seton was the 


Allmark-Kent 25 
original innovator, but it was Roberts who influenced the final shape of the wild 
animal story. The men worked separately (though they had some contact) and I 
believe that it was their different backgrounds that contributed to the implicit 
establishment of these two discrete roles. Seton lacked formal education, and 
worked variously as a wildlife artist, naturalist, and hunter (collecting bounties 
on the heads of predators), before becoming a writer; Roberts was educated at 
the University of New Brunswick, taught English and French literature, and 
edited literary journals. Roberts emphasized the wild animal story’s relationship 
with scientific research, whilst Seton made passionate pleas on behalf of 
animals. Indeed, he concludes the final story of Wild Animals I Have Known 
with one such declaration: “Have the wild things no moral or legal rights? What 
right has man to inflict such long and fearful agony on a fellow-creature, simply 
because that creature does not speak his language” (357). Although Seton and 
Roberts expressed their priorities differently, the work of both men contained 
the same commitment to producing imaginative speculations regarding the life 
and psychology of individual animals in order to promote the improved 
treatment of animals generally. 
I argue that the prefaces Seton and Roberts wrote for each collection of 
stories provide invaluable insights into this misunderstood and poorly-defined 
genre. Where many critics choose not to do so, I take their words seriously and 
approach the wild animal story on those terms. In his article “From Within Fur 
and Feathers” (2000), John Sandlos observes that Seton and Roberts “attempt 
[…] to create animal characters that are at least partly accurate and real is 
precisely the creative objective that is so often overlooked” (76). Moreover, he 
adds that, “this is the unique innovation of these early Canadian animal stories” 
(79, emphasis added). Without going into further detail here, I argue that we can 


Allmark-Kent 26 
roughly define the wild animal story as a scientifically-informed, zoocentric 
speculation; a sustained attempt to imagine the lives, experiences, and unique 
perspectives of one or more nonhuman protagonists, living independently and 
autonomously from humans. Through the study of animal protagonists in the six 
twentieth-century texts that I have identified, I will investigate the ways in which 
each author engages with this endeavour in a post-Nature Fakers context. It is 
worth noting that, at present there are no sustained analyses of Seton
’s and 
Roberts’ influence on subsequent representations of animals in Canadian 
literature. Nor has literary studies produced any major investigations 
concentrating solely on nonhuman protagonists. 
Most established interpretations of the wild animal story undermine 
Seton
’s and Roberts’ commitment to representing nonhuman minds and 
perspectives, prioritizing anthropocentric readings instead. Even within more 
recent literary animal studies work, efforts to read their work as a sincere 
zoocentric endeavour have been minimal. Recalling Bergman’s comments 
above, we might attribute this to the general negligence towards real animals, 
which seem “almost an embarrassment, a disturbance to the symbolic field” 
(Bergman). Here, then, we can begin to detect some factors contributing to the 
aura of embarrassment and discomfort attached to the wild animal story. In 
literary animal studies, this is exacerbated by Seton
’s and Roberts’ 
preoccupation with notions of fact, accuracy, and truth, which drew considerable 
attention during the Nature Fakers controversy. Understandably, these claims 
are especially problematic for animal-sceptical critics. From the animal-
endorsing perspective of practical zoocriticism, however, I propose that we must 
accept some damage to the agency and alterity of the imagined animal (its 
ability to resist interpretation and representation), if it can be of benefit to the 


Allmark-Kent 27 

Download 3.36 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   ...   91




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling