Theoretical grammar of english

The Reasons for frequent use of Passive Voice
Main - it makes possible to change word order in a sentence.
It's been discovered that the end position is connected w/new info, end position is the most strongly stressed in a Sentence: e/g The boy wrote a letter
A litter was written by the boy
1^st Sent: the center of communication is a letter, the info is new
2^nd Sent: centre is "by the boy"
These Ss are parallel, can be used in different communicative situation.
In majority of Eng passive Ss the doer of the action isn't mentioned. It happens b/c the doer isn't known or can't be easily stated.
e/g The house was broken into and a few things were stolen. Sometimes the doer isn't mentioned cuz it's self-evident e/g He was elected an MP
When the "by-phrase" is absent, the listener's attention is shifted to other parts of the Sentence. e.g Roger was invited to dinner.
Other reasons:

• 
  There are several passive constructions in Eng
  
• 
  Many Vs in Ene take a direct obj and the direct Constr is widely used.
  

13. The category of tense. The number of tenses in Modern English. The
meaning of the present and the past tense. The problem of the future tense and
the future-in-the-past tense in Modern English.
Time vs Tense
Time = a form of the existence of matter
Tense = gram. category which indicates the time of an action by means of the form of a
verb.
Main divisions of time: present, past, future. Tense divisions in different Ls are different.
Number of tenses?
In English: 2 tenses/3 tenses
The present tense
Actions that take place at the moment of speaking or occupy a prolonged period of time or timeless actions.
/ hear a noise, I'm speaking English, We live in Moscow, The Volga flows into the Caspian sea
By means of Present tense we can describe:
- Past=> historical/dramatic present: / enter the room and who do you think I see?!
- Future=>I'm leaving next week
Structurally dependent use: clauses of time, condition and concession; in certain object clauses present instead of future (I’ll do what you say)
=> meaning of the present tense is hard to define; it's better understood from the opposition with past (some grammarians prefer ''non-past' to 'present').
The past tense
Бархударов: denotes an action prior to the moment of speaking and not correlated to this moment.
The form is marked (marked member = phonologically conditioned allomorphs in regular forms: - ed => [t],[d],[id] and morphologically conditioned in irregular: sing- sang)
The future tense
Traditional grammar: 3-fold division of tenses => the future tense is an analytical form which is made up of the auxiliary verbs shall/will + the stem of the infinitive (Смирницкий, Ильиш)
Arguments:
1. an analytical form is always some auxiliary verb (grammatical meaning) + main part (lexical meaning of the form).
2. shall&will originated from modal verbs but lost their modal meaning (prove: 'will' is freely used with the 1^st person sg & pl without modal colouring). Modal meanings -in some sentences (Will you join us? - Присоединяйтесь!; Who shall answer the phone -> duty).
3. shall/will still have some shade of modality; describing the form ‘shall/will + infinitive'sometimes speak about the modality of uncertainty => we can never be sure about the future, so uncertainty is always present in prospective utterances (shall/will + infinitive can have the modalitv of futurity).

Jespersen, Allen, Qwerk&компания, Бархударов => 2 tenses.

Бархударов: shall/will + infinitive is not a tense form:
1. formal point of view: shall/will + infinitive = may/might + infinitive
modal verbs create free word-combinations + we can come across different forms of
infinitive: