Theoretical problems of studying space in language consciousness 10

chapter II. THE CATEGORY OF SPACE IN VARIOUS SCIENCES
2.1. Correlation between the category of space and language
The space in the language system is multi-faceted. To understand the essence of the relations "category of space – language – science of language", it is necessary to distinguish naive (ordinary) ideas about space. This perspective should be differentiated from the interest in space as the basis of a scientific linguistic worldview. In addition, the category of space plays an important methodological role in the research activities of linguists.
Ideas about space characterize a person's consciousness, determine the socio-psychological specifics of society, and form the main parameters of the image of the world and culture. With the development of science, the concept of the category of space is changing. This is due to the development of human practice and knowledge, which are expanding and improving, require an increasingly meaningful and deep understanding of this category. However, new challenges are also being put forward by new approaches to solving them. The problem of space has attracted philosophers since ancient times. It is necessary to consider the representations of ancient natural philosophy, analyzing the entire process of development of spatial representations up to the present day. There are three main concepts of space: the archaic concept, the substantial concept, and the relational concept.

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      1.archaic, i.e. mythopoetic concept, closely related to the concept of time, which forms an organic unity. Understanding of the category of space was based on the juxtaposition of "top" and "bottom", comparable to the ritual concepts of heaven and earth. According to this concept, ideas about space begin to form on the basis of the simplest sensations and innate (subconscious) reactions of the human brain to the environment.
      
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      2.Substantial concept. Philosophers identified space with emptiness, they considered it always and everywhere the same and motionless, outside and independent of matter. Idealist philosophers D. Berkeley and D. Hume denied the dependence of space on matter and considered it as a form of individual consciousness. The researcher I. Kant considered the dependence of space as a pre-experimental form of sensory intuition, an eternal category of consciousness, and V. Hegel-as a category of absolute spirit.
      
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      3.Relational concept. Aristotle, Leibniz, Einstein, and Newton believed that space does not exist by itself, in isolation from matter, but is in such a universal relationship with time that they lose their independence and act as sides of a single and diverse whole. The development of science at the beginning of the XX century rejected substantial ideas about space as an empty container of bodies. The discovery of Einstein's theory of relativity proved the dependence of spatial relations on material processes, and thus rejected the ideas of idealist philosophers about the independence of space, which exists independently of material things and objects.
      

In the modern understanding of philosophical science, namely in the" Logical Dictionary " edited by N. I. Kondakov, space is thought of as the order and extent of material objects, it is three-dimensional22. In the "Philosophical Dictionary", space is considered as the distance from a person to an object of touch23; in the "Philosophical Encyclopedia", space is analyzed as the order of arrangement of simultaneously existing objects24.
The following properties of space are distinguished: objectivity and independence from human consciousness; absoluteness, an indissoluble connection with each other and with moving matter; unity of discontinuity and continuity, internal inconsistency, and inexhaustibility of properties. Along with these properties, space also has special properties that are unique to it: extension; connectivity and continuity; three-dimensionality (length, width, height); and antrocentricity.
Space as a mental category has been studied not only in philosophy, but also in other sciences: linguistics, linguosemiotics and ethnolinguistics, cultural studies, anthropology, geometry, folklore and literature, art history, psychology, etc., which contribute their own specific characteristics to the understanding of space. For example, the quantitative properties of physical objects that fill the space around us are expressed, in particular, using the values of geometric (spatial) dimensions. Size names, for example,in Russianheight,in English height,in Uzbek blandly; in Rus. gdepth, in ang. depth, in UZB. huOrlik;, in Russian. range, in eng. distance, radius, range, amplitude, in UZB. ozonic, in Russian. diameter, in eng. diameter, in UZB. diameter; in Rus. the distance, in eng. distance, in UZB. masofa; in Rus. length, in eng. length, in UZB. uzunluk; in Rus. the volume, in eng. volume, extent, size, in UZB. haimi; in Rus. perimeter, in eng. perimeter,in UZB. perimeter; in Rus. the area, in eng. square, space, surface, place, in UZB. maydoni; in Rus. the length, in eng. length, extension, in UZB. uzunligi; in Rus. the way, in eng. way, line, passage, in UZB. Il; in Rus. radius, in eng. radius, in UZB. radius;in Russian distance,in Englishdistance,in Uzbekmasofa;in Russianthickness,in Englishthickness, depth, diameter,in Uzbek kalinligi;in Russian.angle,in English.angle, nook, halve-lever,in Uzbek.burchak;in Russian.format (meaning "size"),in English.size, dimensions, in Uzbek.format;in Russian.width,in English. width, span, diameter,in Uzbeketc. cleaves the prototypical subclass of the semantic class of parametric nouns.
Representatives of linguosemiotics try to establish the sign nature of spatial coordinates, ethnolinguists study cultural meanings that are embedded in language units with spatial meaning; psychologists define space as a system of categories of individual consciousness, with the help of which various objects and concepts are evaluated and classified; sociologists analyze the universal forms of existence of various social subjects, starting from an individual and ending with society in general.
Literary critics and folklorists consider space within the framework of the plot, composition and images of a work of art, seeing the unity of spatial and temporal constants; in modern geometry, space is defined as a set of any objects, for example, geometric shapes, functions, states of a physical system expressed in axioms. Today, each field of knowledge builds its own model of space, giving them those characteristic features that are inherent in the phenomenon under study.
The problem of the relation between the category of space and language has four aspects:
1) reflection of real physical space in units and categories of natural human language;
2) reflection of spatial representations in various ways of describing the language;
3) participation of language in the formation and objectification of ideas about real physical space;
4) the existence of a language in geographical space;
5) interaction of language and social space25.
The main feature of the concept of "spatial relations" in the linguistic literature is interpreted differently, without having a single denotation, as it is due to the complexity and vagueness of the semantic nature of the term. These are "the location in space of an object, an action (event), a sign, and a certain spatial reference point-locum", and "various kinds of connections that characterize the position of one object in relation to other objects"; and "a complex functional and semantic category that is formed in the language by means of different-level means" . etc. In linguistics, interest in the category of space has emerged relatively recently.
O. N. Selivestrova writes that space is "something within which an object (element) can be located or an action or event can take place"26. In the category of space, it also includes " both time space, and the space of a set, the space of a situation, the space of a functional system, for example, a factory, an institute, etc.27. Based on the philosophical understanding of physical space, it denotes the universal structure of the mutual arrangement and extension of material objects in their existence, movement and development.
Many researchers, speaking about the category of space and its many-sided reflection in language, associate it with the concept of location or locativity, as a property of space. Various relations of space in the language consciousness are focused in several localization variants: event-situational, that is, the place of events, situations, event-dynamic, namely, the movement of objects, subject-relative, that is, the location of objects relative to each other, parametric subject-oriented, due to the location and perception of the speaker. Such particular properties of the category of space as extension and multidimensionality are represented here in all the diversity that exists in nature, society and the consciousness of people.
The category of space has only recently begun to attract the attention of linguists as a compact and integrative phenomenon. In Russian structural linguistics, certain linguistic elements of the expression of this meaning are quite fully commented on: spatial prepositions, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, some specific syntactic constructions that serve to express the location or movement of an object, etc. are described.
In the semantic structure of spatial relations, the designation of the place where events occur plays a nodal role. This type of relationship is represented by nouns with a three-dimensional meaning: names of human dwellings, administrative bodies and administrative-territorial units, names of enterprises, organizations and institutions, specialized territories, designations of geographical concepts, landscape. The main means of expressing event localization in Russian are prepositional constructions with prepositions and nouns in the prepositional case. Verbs, adjectives, and words of the state category in such constructions specify the type of eventfulness.
A variety of the category of space as dynamic spatial relations is associated with the verbs of movement and movement in space. Dynamic spatial relations characterize the starting and ending points of movement, movement, for example,leave, exit, take out(from-n.), etc.;enter, enter, enter(where-l.), etc.). In the sphere of movement of an object or person, the route of movement can be indicated. Nouns are used to convey this meaning, names of extended items, such as rus. the river the river;Uzbekhighwaybyylabайдaydash, dare byyida yurishetc.
In addition, this area uses various concretizers of spatial relations: left and right landmarks, for example,turn right, left, landmark surrounding traffic: Russian.move between cars, go between houses;English.move between cars,walk between houses;Uzbek.avtomobilar horasida barakatlanish, uylar horasida urishetc. In the field of dynamic localization, such a way of expression as verb-nominal phrases prevails:" verb of movement + preposition from, with + gender. n.name","verb of movement + preposition in, on + vin. n. name".
Designation of the position of objects relative to each other (subject-relative localization), expresses the third kind of spatial relations, when one object acts as a landmark (locum), which determines the location of another object, for example, in Russian.on the desk, under the table, in front of the group;English.on the desk,under the table,in front of the group;Uzbek stolda, stolida ostida In this area, the variability of means of expressing spatial relations increases due to the use of a large number of prepositions that differentiate local meanings, and nouns with spatial and subject semantics.
The fourth type of spatial relations is subject-oriented localization, which is associated with the perception and location of a person. These factors determine the designation of the degree of proximity and remoteness of the subject from the subject, for example, Rus.here, there, near, far, near;English. here,there,near,far,near;Uzbek.bu erda, u erda, yakin, uzok, yakin, etc., concretization along the vertical and horizontal axis relative to the subject: Russiantop, bottom, top, front, front;Englishabove,below,above,in front,in front;Uzbek. ukorida, pastda, ukoridan, oldidan, oldida, etc., designation of the subject as an intermediate reference point for the movement of objects, etc. Some particular and general properties of space, such as three-dimensionality, symmetry, and extension, are actualized in the field of parametric localization; for many linguistic meanings, the idea of a person acts as a natural reference point.
The anthropomorphism of language is manifested in the fact that a person gives human features to objects of the external world, spatial designations in the language. The words length, width, depth, height, volume, etc. reflect our quantitative estimates of objects, which indicate a person's discrete perception of real physical space. The property of symmetry is reflected in such pairs of words as Russian:top–down, right-left, inside-outside, here-there;English:up –down, on right-left, inside–outside, here-there;Uzbek:yukoriga-pastga, yngdan-chapdan, ichkarida-tashkarida, bu yerda- at yerda et al. Often, parametric characteristics of objects are used as lexical concretizers of spatial relations that complement the main meaning. In this case, semes are updated, which indicate the planar sphere of space, its three-dimensionality, various degrees of distance from something, etc. These are the clarifications regarding the cardinal directions: in the south of the country, to the east of Tashkent, center-periphery: in the middle of the city, on the outskirts of the village, right – left orientations: on both sides of the road, on the left in the park, on the sides of the locum: on the side of the table, the lower-upper parts of the locum, for example, on the top of a hill, at the foot of a mountain, etc. The means of expression in this area are limited: this is a relatively small group of nouns, both with and without prepositions, which are formed from adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. In any of the cases described above, we are faced with immaterial, relational semantics.
The sphere of nomination and the sphere of relations proper are differentiated in this area very conditionally, i.e. for the convenience of language analysis, since, according to the relational concept, space is already a relation of things.
The problem of space in language and the science of language is unlikely to ever be exhausted due to the fact that human knowledge is of a cultural and historical nature. With the development of our ideas about what space is, the images of space included in both everyday and scientific language consciousness also change. An important role in this process is played by the ongoing integration of natural and humanitarian sciences, which contributes to the" flow " of new concepts from one branch of knowledge to another.