Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
1.3.2 Formal criteria
In our formal distinction between translating and interpreting, the following considerations should be taken into account. (1) Correctability usually requires the availability of the complete source and target text and all parts thereof (cf. Kirchhoff, 1.3.1.). Translators in their role as text producers should be able to make the corrections themselves. For example: let us assume a listener who has recorded a source text (or taken some notes of the source text) and can compare it to its in- terpretation. This would mean that the source and the target texts, or only the target text, would be accessible to, and could be checked and corrected by, the listener but not by the interpreter himself. In this case, the target text is not a translation but still an interpretation because the text producer cannot make any corrections. If, however, the listener checks the translatum against the source text and corrects it, if necessary, in order to use it again, this form of translational action would be a translation (or, to be more precise, it would be a translation produced on the basis of an interpreta- tion, which actually may be required under certain circumstances). (2) Correctability may take one of two possible forms: (2a) the source and the target texts can be compared during the process of translational action, and the target text can be corrected afterwards on the basis of this comparison. This procedure leads to a ‘translation’ in the usual sense of the word; (2b) the target text cannot be compared with the source text but can be checked independently (e.g. on the basis of a previous translation of the source text into another language). This procedure leads to a ‘quasi-translation’. If an interpretation is checked against the source text later on, it will become a translation in the usual sense of the word, provided that the other requirements for a translation (e.g. accuracy of the imitation, 3.) are met. (3) Correctability refers to the possibility of correction, not to the actual fact that a correction has been or will be carried out. For our definition, it is irrelevant whether or not a translatum is actually corrected. A translator checking his first draft may find that it is absolutely perfect and does not need to be corrected. (4) Instead of a single translator or interpreter, a team may be involved. In this case, at least one member of the team must have the possibility to Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 11 correct the result if we want to speak of a translation. () Whether or not a text is fixed in written or any other form, or not fixed at all, is not a relevant criterion for the distinction between translating and interpreting. What matters is the possibility of the text being checked and, if necessary, corrected by the producer at a later moment in time. This requirement at a later moment in time (e.g. after completing a draft) is intended to exclude any ad hoc corrections, e.g. of a slip of the tongue by the interpreter during the interpretation process, from the definition. The decisive criterion for the definition of a translatum as translation or interpretation is, therefore, the possibility of being checked and corrected after the completion of the whole process of translational action or, in rare cases, of at least a substantial, relatively independent part of it, which, in itself, is more or less a text, e.g. after finishing one topic or one chapter of a book and before proceeding to the next. Translational action always deals with texts, so that smaller units are not of our concern here. Correctability has to be maintained for a while and must be repeatable. This does not mean, for example, that a correction made by the interpreter immediately after finishing the performance would turn the interpretation into a translation. But an interpreter cannot and must not continue making corrections ten times over, or even if it were only three times over, whereas translators may revise their translations as often as they wish. (6) It is irrelevant for the definition how much time has elapsed after the completion of the translatum before it is checked and possibly corrected, provided that the possibility of being checked and corrected is maintained. If a translatum becomes revisable and correctable after ten years, it must be classified as a translation although it may have been regarded as an interpretation before. (Regarding the conditions of imitation, 3.) We cannot say that a translatum is a translation or an interpretation, rather, that it becomes a translation or an interpretation provided it meets the requirements outlined above. A translatum is always the result of a process. A dynamic means of expression is more appropriate for our theory than one fixed in concrete. (Carelessness may easily lead to the latter.) In a similar vein, although in a different context, Toury comments on the dynamic nature of expressions: the initial question is not, whether a certain text is a translation (ac- cording to some preconceived criteria which are extrinsic to the system under study), but whether it is regarded as a translation from the intrin- sic point of view of the target […] polysystem. (Toury 1980a: 43) Terminological distinctions 12 We replace [...] assertions of the type ‘TT [target text] is a translation’ by assertions of the type ‘TT functions as a translation’. (ibid.: 47) Our definitions of translating and interpreting are based on formal criteria here. We are therefore not concerned with translation strategies and their impact on the translatum (probably unlike Kirchhoff, 1.3.1.). (7) For our definition, it is irrelevant at what time the translational action takes place. For example: a speech may be interpreted the day after it was de- livered. In the meantime, the interpreter may have thought about how to express certain ideas or consulted some sources of information (e.g. a dictionary). The decisive criteria for the translatum to be classified as an interpretation are the following: the source text is presented only once, the target text can- not be compared with the source text various times and is not available for later revisions. In the specific case mentioned in the example, it may be an interpretation that is close to a translation, but it still must be regarded as an interpretation. (8) According to this definition, ‘sight translation’, as a translational action produced only once and without correctability, is a type of interpreting (despite its name). This means that the kind, or extent, of the memory aid used (whether it consists of the complete source text or just some notes) is irrelevant for the definition of translating and interpreting. Kirchhoff ( 1.3.1.) regards sight translation as a form of translating because the translator can see the complete text at a glance. But it may be debatable whether a text presented only once can really be grasped “at a glance” (cf. consecutive interpreting)! (9) Spatial distance is also irrelevant for the definition. We can interpret or translate by telephone, send a text around the world, replay it from a recorder and have it interpreted or translated. A translator may be sitting beside an author, rendering the text in another language as it is produced – the translatum will still be a translation if it can be checked and corrected. (Even having an overview of the whole text, as Kirchhoff postulates, would be possible in this case, 1.3.1.) Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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