Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
2. Of worlds and languages
2.1 Framework for a theory of translational action: an overview We live in a world of mundane transactions, thoughts, traditions and conven tions, or rather, in worlds which (for us) may be real or fictitious. Let us assume that in a continuum of ‘possible worlds’, someone says or writes something meaningful in a particular place and at a particular moment in time, producing a text (as a ‘text producer’). Such a text is produced with a more or less specific purpose in mind. It is an ‘action’ carried out in relation to another person (or other persons) in order to achieve a purpose. By means of such an action, we want to make contact (or ‘interact’), exchanging ideas, etc., with some other person or persons. If the interaction is primarily verbal, we speak of ‘communication’. It is obvious that every action is determined by the internal and external con ditions under which it is carried out. We cannot say or write just anything in a certain place and at a certain time because otherwise we may not be understood or might be exposed to social sanctions (e.g. being regarded as a freak). Both the producer and the recipient of a text are ‘communication partners’ and, as such, form part of the ‘situation’. Apart from being embedded in a socio cultural community, both are also individuals with personal ‘histories’. These individual features, in addition to the uniqueness of the time and place of the communicative event, affect the production and reception of the text as well. The ‘situation’ consists of the following factors: the cultural background, the specific environment in which the interaction takes place, the psychological and social circumstances of the communication partners and the relationship existing between them. One element of culture is language. The factors of this model of communication (which does not claim to be exhaustive) are characterized by individual and supraindividual (i.e. social) features (cf. the model in Vermeer 1972: 136; see more detailed models in Meier 1974). According to the tradition of some linguistic schools, verbal communica tion may be described as a complex process involving various deep structures beneath a single surface structure. The deepest structure would be culture and it determines whether something is said or written at all, what is mentioned and how it is said or written ( 3.8.). Other deep structures refer to how an utterance is planned, structured and formulated. As we have already men tioned, the conditions are both social and individual. The actual text will then be manifested in the surface structure. Translational action always involves a previously produced source text and the production of a target text for another culture. A theory of text production is therefore a prerequisite for the development of a theory of translational action. Of worlds and languages 18 Text production should be examined along the same lines as text recep tion, including both the translator’s reception of the source text and the target audience’s reception of the translatum. Like text production, text reception is determined by social and individual factors. A theory of translational ac tion must therefore also be based on a theory of text reception and text effect. Literary studies have developed such theories in recent years. The process of translational action starts from a given text, which is un derstood and interpreted by the translator/interpreter. We can say that a text is a piece of information offered to a recipient by a text producer (how the information is offered depends on the circumstances, as we saw above). The translator puts together a target text which, being a text, also offers a piece of information to a recipient. Thus, a translatum may be considered a text offering information in a particular way about another offer of information. As a specific kind of information offer, the translatum has certain culture specific characteristics. (Offers of information can be subdivided further, e.g. a primary information offer, such as the source text in a process of transla tional action, or other secondary information offers, such as commentaries or reviews.) According to modern concepts of T&I, the unique feature of a translatum is that it can be described as an offer of information which ‘imitates’ another offer of information ( 3.). The above considerations have helped us to briefly outline the position of a theory of translational action within a broader context. The three major areas which have to be dealt with, or at least touched upon, in the following chapters are: a theory of text production, a theory of text reception, and a theory of translational action, which might be called a specific kind of text reproduction theory. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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