Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Download 1.78 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 2.2.1 Language 1
2.2 The concept of ‘language’
Translational action is mainly concerned with language. But the concept of ‘language’ is ambiguous. In the following section, we shall roughly outline some meanings of ‘language’ which should be kept in mind for a complex theory of translational action. For more details, see the literature on general linguistics. 2.2.1 Language 1 We shall use language 1 as the generic term embracing all the means used by members of a particular community to communicate with each other. These communicative means are signs pointing to something beyond them and forming a ‘semiotic system’. The definition of language as a ‘semiotic system’ composed of signs refers to three important features of languages: Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 19 (1) Signs are meaningful: something stands for something else. For example: a broken twig by the wayside is intended to ‘mean’ that someone passed by and left the twig for you to find the way (as in boy scouts games). A young man gives his girlfriend a bouquet of red roses to express his love for her (cf. the ‘language of flowers’ of the Victorian era). These examples show that this feature includes the metaphorical use of the word language. The concept of language is therefore not restricted to human verbal language (although this form of language will play a prominent role in our theory of translational action). Verbal and nonverbal languages (e.g. gestures, facial movements) complement each other: a wink from you tells me that you are not serious. Body language may replace verbal language: instead of saying ‘yes’, I can nod. What is expressed by verbal means in one culture may be expressed by a gesture in another culture (cf. putting your hands together instead of saying ‘thank you’ in India). Human verbal language and its derivatives, such as written texts, are culture-specific forms of communication. Verbal and non-verbal communication (i.e. communication and interaction) complement one another. For example: (German) Kommst du mit? – Ja, gern! / (English) Will you come along? – Yes, I’d like to. (2) Language is a system. The signs of a specific language are related to one another in a particular way. (2.1) Simple signs can be combined to form complex signs (super-signs), e.g. words form sentences, and sentences form texts. A sequence of simple signs is not just a collection of signs but a new sign of higher rank. For example: a sequence of letters, e.g. angel, is not just a sequence of letters but makes up the word angel, which has a specific meaning in the English language. The formation of super-signs is language-specific. A word in one language can correspond to a phrase or a sentence in another language. Of worlds and languages 20 (2.2) Signs delimit, determine, condition and define each other’s mean ings. Signs form language- and culture-specific ‘fields’ (cf. Sčur 1977 for the concept of “field”). For example: if the grades on a German school report range from 1 to 6 and those of a Portuguese school report from 20 to 1, the value of the grade ‘5’ is different in the two systems because it is defined by its relation to the other positions on the scale in question. For example: a person who breaks a twig and puts it by the wayside in order to mark the way for you must assume that you will interpret it as indicating the path to follow (e.g. because this was previously agreed upon). There are many languages in the sense defined in (2.2.), e.g. architectural styles, English, German, music; think of the necessary alterations when ‘translating’ a drama into an opera. (3) Signs establish communication. For this purpose, a sign must have a function (or various functions) which can be described intersubjectively. (We do not claim that the functions of each sign must be univocal.) Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2025
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling