Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Summary: ‘Transfer’ as a generic concept
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 2.5 Language and culture
2.4 Summary: ‘Transfer’ as a generic concept
Translation, or rather, translational action, is a specific variety of transfer. Jakobson’s term ‘interlingual translation’ is too narrow; ‘intercultural transla tion’ would be more appropriate. Specific varieties of translational action: translating and interpreting. ( 1.) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 23 2.5 Language and culture People see their worlds like refracted light through a prism. The refractions may overlap. There is a refraction shared by all humans which depends on their biological and physiological disposition. It will not be taken into consid eration here because it is common to human nature and cannot be regarded as distinctive. It is probably difficult to distinguish between this common human refraction and cultural refraction. • First refraction: culturespecific conventions (tradition) Through the process of their socialization (‘enculturation’), humans become members of a cultural community and often of other communities as well (e.g. a nation, a religious community, a football club). They may change communities in the course of their lives. When we grow up in a community, we adopt the specific conceptions (ideas, theories) of what the world is like which are shared by the members of this community (e.g. Italians are noisy; there is an eternal life; my club is the best). Similarly, people are socialized in a language, or as we might say, a communication community, adopting its specific forms of expression, etc. • Second refraction: individual attitude (disposition) individual attitude (disposition) attitude (disposition) Social conventions may be overruled, corrected or confirmed, either tempo rarily or permanently, by individual views based on specific situations (e.g., I know three Italians who are very noisy; our trainer is a lame duck). The same applies to linguistic conventions. • Third refraction: different realities (‘possible worlds’) different realities (‘possible worlds’) realities (‘possible worlds’) Certain cultures or some individuals believe that, apart from what is regarded as the real world, there are other possible worlds (e.g. the world of the fairy tales, the world of my daydreams). The borders between these worlds may be drawn differently according to cultural or individual beliefs (e.g. do angels exist?). • Fourth refraction: frozen traditions Culturespecific and individual views about the worlds are, in a way, ‘frozen’ in language as a means of communication and thought. Some conventional expressions continue to be in use, although they do not correspond to what we now know about the world (e.g. the sun rises). The same is true for evaluative expressions (e.g. self-murder as opposed to suicide). • Fifth refraction: value systems The values assigned to objects and phenomena vary from culture to culture and from individual to individual (e.g. British cars are better than French cars.) Of worlds and languages 24 All these refractions can cause translation problems. Scientists try to progress through the refractions of their socialization and their individual disposition in order to reach objective reality in their research. In the humanities, a scholar analysing a particular historical event (e.g. a novel) attempts to discover the conditions of refraction and the distance from an (assumed) objective reality. This distance is regarded as the truth value to be determined. The link between the two attitudes was pointed out by Ortega y Gasset in 1933 ([1933]1962; trans. M. Adams): An identical material fact may, if inserted into different lives, have the most diverse realities. (Ortega y Gasset [1933]1962: 16) Science is the interpretation of facts. By themselves, facts do not give us reality; on the contrary, they hide it, which is to say that they present us with the problem of reality. […] Facts cover up reality […]. In order to discover reality, we must for a moment lay aside the facts that surge about us, and remain alone with our minds. Then […] we imagine a reality, or to put it another way, we construct an imaginary reality, a pure invention of our own; then […] we compare those facts which the imagined reality would produce with the actual facts which surround us. If they mate happily one with another, this means that we have deciphered the hieroglyph, that we have discovered the reality which the facts covered and kept secret. (ibid.: 13) Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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