Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 2.6.1 Translating meaning
2.6 What is translated?
We shall conclude this chapter with two examples (cf. Vermeer [1980]1983), which are intended to clarify a few of the points made above. Example 1 : a Welsh travel agency had a large amount of travel literature for Wales on display in their booth at a fair in Germany. An elderly woman, who had looked them over, exclaimed with surprise: ‘Are all your booklets in French?’ The representative of the agency was shocked at the gaffe and replied: ‘That would be awful, wouldn’t it?’ (with emphatic stress on would). Let us now assume that the situation (or what was said) described in this example has to be translated or interpreted into German. In line with general practice, there would be two basic types of translation for this exchange (we shall not go into the details of possible variants for each of them): Type 1 : ‘Sind alle Ihre Prospekte auf Französisch?’ – ‘Das wäre ja ‘Sind alle Ihre Prospekte auf Französisch?’ – ‘Das wäre ja Sind alle Ihre Prospekte auf Französisch?’ – ‘Das wäre ja ‘Das wäre ja Das wäre ja schrecklich, nicht wahr?’ (= literal translation of the English) Type 2 : ‘Haben Sie denn nur französische Prospekte?’ – ‘Um Gottes ‘Haben Sie denn nur französische Prospekte?’ – ‘Um Gottes Haben Sie denn nur französische Prospekte?’ – ‘Um Gottes ‘Um Gottes Um Gottes Willen! Das darf doch nicht wahr sein!’ (Literally: ‘Do you only have Das darf doch nicht wahr sein!’ (Literally: ‘Do you only have booklets in French?’ – ‘For God’s sake! That just can‘t be true!’) How can we describe these two basic types? On what underlying assumptions about translation are they based? 2.6.1 Translating meaning Type 1 may be described as follows: the ‘meaning’ (Vermeer 1972: 6163) of the source text must be encapsulated (‘encoded’) in the target language. The term ‘meaning’ indicates that the specific circumstances in question are not taken into consideration. Meaning is produced at the level of type, not of ‘token’. Note that we refer to the meaning of the text, not of the words. The primary unit of translation is the text. Words are only relevant to the translator insofar as they are elements of the text. As the translation is supposed to be produced at type level, independent of the specific circumstances, type 1 may comply with an additional requirement: the formal structure of the source text may be reproduced as exactly as possible in the target language. In other words: the source text may be ‘transcoded’ into the target text ( 3.2.). This kind of translation procedure is called a ‘twophase Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 29 process of communication including transcoding’. It is typical of this type of translation that the cultural component is ignored to a large extent; the transfer is seen to occur almost exclusively at a linguistic (‘verbal’) level. It is based on the assumption that meaning is a constant in the translation process. According to this model, the translator deals with three factors: (1) the source text as a sourcelanguage text form, (2) the meaning, which remains the same, and (3) the target text as a targetlanguage text form. This means that the meaning of the source (language) text is identical to the meaning of the target (language) text. As this requirement of identical meaning may be difficult to achieve in practice (!), it is often reduced to the requirement of ‘equivalence’: the meaning of the targetlanguage text should be ‘equivalent’ to the meaning of the sourcelanguage text. We shall not go into detail defining ‘equivalence’ at this point ( 10.). Equivalence refers to what we would call, in everyday language, an ‘equal value’ for each text at type level. The conditions of translation, according to this model, may be represented by a triangle, as in the following diagram (the dotted line means ‘equal to’ or ‘equivalent to’). In translational practice, the meaning is extracted from the given source text and then reencoded in the target text. What this would mean for theory is: ‘Meaning’ is the crucial factor and it is supposed to remain unchanged in an interlingual comparison. As no source or target language has been specified, the theory should be equally valid for any pair of languages. In this model, ‘meaning’ is not bound to a particular language (lect). It exists independ ently of any given language and thus remains the same across all languages (any language can serve as a source or target language); it must therefore be considered a ‘universal’ (Fisiak 1980). In this case, translation is limited to formal phenomena and only one optimum translation process and translatum can exist and be found. If we are not looking for identical meaning but only equivalent meaning, a number of acceptable variants would be possible within a certain range. We would then postulate a constant core of meaning and a relatively fuzzy periphery according to the languages involved. But this would not change the theory in any essential way. A theory such as the one outlined above may be disputed on certain grounds, but it cannot be accused of being based on the (specific or general) lack of competence of a particular translator or of all translators, although meaning source text target text Of worlds and languages 30 competence is certainly an important factor in the assessment of a (concrete) translation job. To what extent was the text producer (e.g. the author) able to express his thoughts (to encode his intention)? To what extent was the recipient (e.g. reader) able to interpret the text, i.e. to ‘understand’ the sender’s inten tion? Did the author express what he wished to say in an appropriate manner? Did the recipient understand adequately/optimally? Does the target recipient understand what the translator wanted to convey as the source text? What are the conditions needed for an optimal transfer? For interpreters, it is important to know how fast they can call upon their linguistic skills and where they may have difficulties in accessing their knowledge (cf. Flechtner 19741979, Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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