2.5.2 Time and space in translation
Culture and language exist in time and space. Epochs (Stadien, ‘stages’, as
Lieb 1970 calls them) have to be regarded as different cultures or languages
if structural differences between them become ‘relevant’ for a particular kind
of scholarly analysis; cf. Old English, Middle English, Modern English.
It is possible to translate (but rarely to interpret) from one linguacultural
stage to another.
For example: modernizing the King James Authorized Version of the
Bible; translating a medieval epic poem into Modern English; trans
lating I am going to spend a penny by I am going to the loo for a 21st
century audience.
2.5.3 Value changes in transfer
So far, translation theory has yet to find an answer to the question of how to
evaluate the changes in value of text elements or whole texts which occur when
a source text is transferred to the target culture ( 2.5.1.). Each transfer inevi
tably involves changes in value, which can either be accepted as something
quite normal in translational action, focussing mainly on the set of realities and
cognitive values common to all humans, or treated as a fundamental problem
for any translation. The decision depends, among other things, on the type of
text or genre we have in mind: fiction or nonfiction, business correspondence,
political propaganda, tourist information leaflets, etc.
As we do not tend to say that a text is a technical text or a propaganda
speech, rather, that it is transmitted/received/translated/interpreted as a text of
one type or another, our dynamic answer to this question is that the decision
depends on the purpose or skopos of the translational action ( 4.).
There are two opposite ways of looking at this problem: one is the model
influenced by Marxist image theory (cf. Jäger 1975), which more or less
ignores the problem of value changes, assuming an objective reality as the
intercultural tertium comparationis for translation, and the other is the relativist
model, according to which the value changes produced by a transfer will lead,
in any case, to an incomparability of source and target texts; cf. Weisgerber’s
theory on the worldview of languages (Weisgerber 1962 and later) and the
SapirWhorf hypothesis (e.g. Carroll 1964, Henle 1975).
A theory must be complex enough to explain as many cases as pos-
sible which occur in its field of application. We hold the view that the
problem of value change is relevant to our discussion and we shall try
to deal with it by developing a functionalist theory.
Of worlds and languages
28
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |