Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
4.7 Skopos hierarchies
Different sections of a source text may be translated for different purposes. There may be a hierarchy of skopoi for texts and text sections (cf. Reiß 1976a). 4.8 Source-text skopos vs. target-text skopos As we have pointed out several times, the skopos of the translatum may be different from that of the source text. This can be justified by three arguments: (1) Translating/interpreting is an action which differs fundamentally from producing a source text. Consequently, a translational action may serve different purposes. It must be emphasized that the preservation of the source- text purpose, which is often taken to be a defining feature of translation, is a culture-specific rule and not a basic requirement of a general theory of translational action. In a large number of cases, it might even be impossible to fulfil this require- ment, for example in a literary translation. Unless we want to limit the function of a novel to the commonplace ‘entertainment’ function, we must assume that the reasons Cervantes’ contemporaries had for reading Don Quixote were not the same as those of Spanish-speaking readers today, and an American reader’s reception of the story of the Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä) by the famous Finnish author Aleksis Kivi will be entirely different from that of a Finnish reader. (2) We have defined translational action as a kind of information offer ( 3.), i.e. information which is offered under the condition that the sender expects it to be of interest (to contain something ‘new’) for the recipient. This ‘novelty’ may consist precisely in the different skopos of the offer. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 93 (3) Hirsch (1967, particularly p. 161) claims that the interpretation of a text should identify exactly (and solely) what the implications encompassed by “the purpose and the intention of the work” are, and that a text cannot be fully understood unless these implications have been understood. No more and no less. Even if we left aside the findings of reception history and aesthetics for a moment and accepted the validity of this claim, we would still have to state that translational action is a cultural and linguistic transfer. Cultures and languages constitute independent systems in which the value of each element is defined by its relationship with the other elements of the same system (a system où tout se tient, where all elements are connected to each other). In other words, cultures and languages are individual entities and, therefore, texts, as systems consisting of parts of individual cultural and linguistic systems, are individual entities as well. It is obvious that the value of an element of one system that is transferred into another system is bound to change because it is now related to the elements of the new system. It is therefore impossible for the implications contained in the source text to appear in exactly the same form in the target text (Koschmieder 1965, Heger 1971 and Söll 1971 claim that it is possible at least for exclusively cognitive features, but this is a purely methodological claim). Thus, if the result is bound to be a ‘different’ text, we can only demand that it be as close as possible to the source text. This may even be achieved precisely through a change of function. For example: for Homer’s contemporaries, the Iliad was what televi- sion soaps are for the general public today. They could identify with the ‘brave heroes’. Which adult would read this classic in such a way today? And if the form is reproduced faithfully, the strange hexameter verses will reduce the suspense in any case. It has been frequently claimed that a translatum should have the ‘same ef- fect’ as the source text; but, for this to be possible, it may be necessary to change the function. For these reasons, we shall not regard invariance of effect as an absolute requirement. |
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