Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 1.2 The advantage of neologisms
Part I
Theoretical groundwork 1. Terminological distinctions 1.1 The need for a generic term As a generic term to cover both translating and interpreting, we shall adopt the German term Translation, pronounced [transla:tsio:n], from the Leipzig School (cf. Kade 1968: 33), which will be rendered as ‘translational action’ (TA) in this book. TA = T ∪ I (We shall use these pseudo-formulas as handy short forms and as a mnemonic device.) A generic term is useful when we want to emphasize the similarities be- tween translating and interpreting and when terminological distinctions are not relevant for a general analysis. In the first part of our theoretical discussion, we shall look at translational action, focussing on the common ground and similarities between translating and (simultaneous and consecutive) interpreting. Differences are considered irrelevant here. As Nida (1977: 214) states: essentially the same basic principles are applicable, and any unified theory of interlingual communication must take into consideration, the essential similarities as well as the differences. 1.2 The advantage of neologisms Loanwords from Latin and Greek or hybrid neologisms are particularly appropriate for the formation of new technical terms because they lack the connotations typical of everyday language words. For example: if the form I am is classified as present tense, the rule ‘The present tense is occasionally used to indicate future actions (as in I am travelling to London tomorrow)’ is acceptable. However, if we use ‘time’ as a technical term, the rule ‘The present time is occasionally used to indicate future actions’ may sound rather incoherent. Moreover, words of Latin or Greek origin are more readily accepted in inter- national communication because they often permit a formal transfer and do not need to be translated. Latinisms lend themselves to the formation of derivatives or compounds where the vernacular requires complicated paraphrases. Terminological distinctions For example (for the following derivatives see Kade 1968: 33): in Ger- man, the Latinism Translation (from the past participle, translatum, of the Latin verb transferre) designating an activity, a process, a produc- tion, a production process, permits the derivatives Translator for the person who produces a Translation and Translat (translatum in Eng- lish) for the product resulting from the process, as well as compounds like Translationstheorie, translationstheoretisch, Translationswissen- schaft and even Translatologie, all of which are used as generic terms referring to both written and oral forms of translational action. The only drawback is that there is no verb. The existing verb transferieren, belonging to the same Latin root but borrowed from English as a loan translation, is used as an economic term and would be misleading in a T&I context. The Germanic word Sprachmittler (‘language mediator’), which was used as a generic term in former East Germany and permits the derivatives sprachmittlerisch (‘[activity] of a language mediator’) and Sprach mittlung (‘language mediation’), is problematic because the translator does not mediate merely between languages but also between cultures, and is not just a mediator but also an independent and creative text producer. On the contrary, the nominalized verb Übersetzen (‘translating’), which permits the derivatives Überset zung (‘translation’ as process and product); Über setzer (‘translator’), Übersetzungswissenschaft 4 (‘science of translation’, ‘translation stud- ies’), Übersetzungstheorie (‘translation theory’), and the nominalized verb Dolmetschen (‘interpreting’), with the derivatives Dolmetscher (‘interpreter’), Dolmetschwissenschaft (‘interpreting studies’), Verdol metschung (‘interpretation’ as process and product) cannot be used as generic terms. Hildebrandt (1974: 40) also emphasizes that new technical terms should per- mit derivatives to be formed; for general terminology problems cf. Vermeer (1971). Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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