Of worlds and languages
22
We may distinguish between several varieties of
transfer (Nida 1964:
18485, seems to use the term ‘transfer’ as a generic term for any kind of
translation), for example:
(1) action → action (e.g. I see someone point to a piece of paper on the floor
and I pick it up);
(2) non-verbal action → verbal action and vice versa (e.g. I am asked to pick
the paper up and I pick it up; I see someone point to the piece of paper and I
utter a cry of protest);
(3) verbal action → verbal action (e.g. transforming an assertion into a
question).
Types of action can often not be exactly matched between cultures. This
can cause translation problems.
Clearly, translational action belongs primarily to type (3), as it is a specific
variety of verbal transfer. (With regard to actional components in T&I cf., for
example, 2.2.1.(1).)
Other classifications of transfer are possible, e.g. the one by Jakobson (cf.
[1959]2004: 139) with two types:
(1) The transfer of a set of signs from sign system x into an (equivalent)
set of signs for the same sign system (e.g. modifying a piano score for a full
orchestra);
(2) The transfer of a set of signs from sign system x into a set of signs from
sign system y (e.g. converting a mathematical formula in decimal system into
a sequence of electrical impulses in binary code; playing music from notes on
paper).
(1) and (2) have subtypes:
(1’) the transfer of a novel written in language A into a theatre play in
the
same language, etc.: ‘intralingual translation’;
(2’) the transfer of a text in language A into language B (e.g. translat
ing a novel by T. S.
Eliot into German; translating John Hartley’s
Yorkshire Ditties into standard English: ‘interlingual translation’).
Such cases always imply a cultural transfer as well.
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