Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Terminological distinctions
14 shall try to place translational action in a larger context, including non-verbal action and artificial languages. Although verbal texts remain at the centre of attention and play a dominant role in the following considerations, it is only for the sake of simplification in order to concentrate on the essential aspects. After all, common definitions of translation focus on verbal texts. However, we would like to state at this point that translational action is a specific type of cultural transfer. Koller also refers to Kade’s definition ( 1.3.), but does not comment on it. He specifies as follows: By translation [sic: not translating, as in Kade, C.N.], we understand the written, script-bound rendering of a text presented in written form into another language, whereas interpreting starts out from an oral text, which is rendered orally in another language. 11 Koller’s means of expression often lacks precision. It is unnecessary to para- phrase “written” with the confusing expression “script-bound” because an oral speech read from a manuscript would be “script-bound” as well, and so would be an oral discourse formulated as if read from a written text. (3) We should also mention a further distinction between translating and in- terpreting that led to an unfortunate and misleading opposition between literary and non-literary translation. In everyday language, the German word Dolmet scher and its equivalents in Romance languages derived from the Latin word interpres, as well as loan words in other languages, also refer to somebody who ‘explains’ (interprets) a text or ‘intercedes’ in favour of somebody else. The semantic feature of ‘explaining’ has played a certain role in some distinctions between translating and interpreting since Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher (1768-1834) brought it to the fore in his 1813 lecture ‘On the different methods of translating’ held at the Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Schleiermacher writes: The interpreter plies his trade in the area of business, while the trans- lator proper works above all in the areas of science and art. If these definitions appear arbitrary, interpretation being commonly understood to refer more to oral translation and translation proper to the written sort, may we be forgiven for choosing to use them thus out of con- 11 �nter Übersetzung wird die schriftliche, schriftgebundene Wiedergabe eines schriftlich vorliegenden Textes in einer anderen Sprache verstanden. Dolmetschen dagegen geht aus von einem mündlichen Text, der mündlich in einer anderen Sprache wiederzugeben ist. (Koller 1979: 12) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 15 venience in the present instance, particularly as the two terms are not at all distant from one another. The areas of art and science are best served by the written word, which alone can make their works endure; and interpreting scientific or artistic products aloud would be just as useless as, it seems, impossible. For business transactions, however, writing is only a mechanical means; verbal negotiation is the origin- al mode, and every written interpretation should be seen only as the record of a spoken exchange. (Schleiermacher [1838]2004: 44; trans. S. Bernovsky) In subsequent paragraphs, Schleiermacher justifies his distinction between translating and interpreting by arguing that the language used in science and art forces the translator to share the author’s thoughts and stylistic intentions, while that of business and everyday affairs simply requires a mechanical transfer, as the contents of such transactions are well defined, even concrete. Yet what is the basis for this important distinction that is visible even in these borderline regions but shines forth most brilliantly at the furthest extremes? Business dealings generally involve a matter of readily apparent, or at least fairly well defined objects: all negotiations are, as it were, arithmetical or geometrical in nature, and notions that, as the ancients already observed, encompass the greater and lesser within themselves and are indicated by a graded series of terms that vary in ordinary usage, making their import uncertain, habit and con- ventions soon serve to fix the usage of the individual terms. So long as the speaker does not smuggle in hidden vaguenesses with intent to deceive, or err out of carelessness, he will be perfectly comprehensible to anyone with knowledge of both the matter under discussion and the language, and in any given case only slight variations in language use will be encountered. Even so there will be scarcely any doubt that cannot easily be remedied as to which expression in the one language corresponds to any given expression in the other. Thus is translation in this realm little more than a mechanical task which can be performed by anyone who has moderate knowledge of the two languages, with little difference to be found between better and lesser efforts as long as obvious errors are avoided. When, however, scientific and artistic works are to be transplanted from one language to another, two sorts of considerations arise which alter the situation. For if in any two lan- guages each word in the one were to correspond perfectly to a word in the other, expressing the same idea with the same range of meaning; if their declensions displayed the same relationships, and the structures of their periods coincided so that the two languages in fact differed only to the ear: then all translation in the areas of art and science, assuming the sole matter to be communicated was the information contained in an utterance or piece of writing, would be as purely mechanical as in Terminological distinctions 16 business transactions; and, setting aside the effects produced by tone and intonation, one might claim of any given translation that it placed the foreign reader in the same relationship to the author and his work as was the reader of the original. […] The second matter, however, that makes translation proper a quite different activity from ordinary interpreting is this. Wherever utterances are not bound by readily apparent objects or external circumstances which it is merely their task to name – wherever, in other words, the speaker is engaged in more or less independent thought, that is, self- expression – he stands in a twofold relationship to language, and his works will be understood aright only insofar as this relationship itself is correctly grasped. Every human being is, on the one hand, in the power of the language he speaks; he and all his thoughts are his products. He cannot think with complete certainty anything that lies outside its boundaries; the form of his ideas, the manner in which he combines them, and the limits of these combinations are all preordained by the language in which he was born and raised: both his intellect and his imagination are bound by it. On the other hand, every free-thinking, intellectually independent individual shapes the language in his turn. For how else if not by these influences could it have gained and grown from its raw beginnings to its present, more perfect state of develop- ment in the sciences and arts? (ibid.: 4-46). This double perspective on the concept of translation, although not on its formal conditions ( 1.), can be traced back to Cicero, who triggered a long series of dichotomies with regard to translation strategies, which have been defined and justified in different ways throughout history. (4) The actual translational action (the translational ‘occurrence’, compar- able to what linguists call parole, i.e. where language ‘occurs’) has not yet been sufficiently distinguished from the potential translational action, i.e. the ‘competence’ for translational action, i.e. for translating or inter- preting. This lack of terminological rigour was pointed out by Diller and Kornelius (1978: 6). (We shall not go into detail on the terminology and conceptualization used in linguistics at this point.) () With regard to the history of translation theories cf., among other specific analyses, Störig (1963) and Kelly (1979). With regard to the history of some terms for translation, cf. Folena (1973). |
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