Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
11.1 The concept of genre
The debate about the concept of genre did not start until text linguistics had been established as a subdiscipline of linguistics which then extended its scope beyond the sentence level and developed into a fully-fledged, pragmatics- oriented text theory. An analysis of genre is not possible without considering its pragmatic aspect. As syntax and semantics are common to all texts, these categories would not be sufficient for a text classification. For genre research, the consideration of the situation (including any references to senders and re- cipients in communication) became particularly relevant because it provided the only reliable foundations for an in-depth analysis of the patterns of language use in text production, text composition, text analysis, text comprehension, text reception, etc. extending beyond the rules of syntax and semantics. In other words, in order to comprehend the complex sign ‘text’, we need the three sign dimensions postulated by semiotics: syntax, semantics and pragmatics (for a clear survey of this development, cf. Marfurt 1977: 11-22.) However, a first attempt to give an overview of the state of the art in this field (cf. the anthology edited by Gülich and Raible 1972) reveals an extremely confusing scene. At this time, it obviously still seemed to be appropriate to ask whether there was such a thing as genre (ibid.: 175-79), and, under the entry ‘genre’, the index of the book lists items as divergent as expositions, fictional texts, instructions, interviews, literary texts, parodies, advertising, commentaries, translations (sic!) and news texts, to list just a few at random. Of course, translations can also be categorized as part of a text classification. If a distinction is made, for example, between a class of ‘primary’ or ‘independent’ texts, on the one hand, and a class of ‘dependent’ or ‘secondary’ texts, on the other, the latter includes adaptations, parodies, translations, etc. The terms listed above reflect the fairly divergent views of various authors on what each of them regards as genre. No wonder that this state of affairs was immediately criticized, as even the non-linguist would be aware of the fact that, in the case of fictional texts, the shared distinctive criterion is far more abstract than in the case of operating instructions, and that, with regard to categorization, a ‘one-sentence text’ is quite different from an ‘advertising text’. As Sitta pointed out: This means that the concept ‘genre’ is used (a) referring to a particular type of speech act, (b) referring to a particular sender intention, and (c) with regard to certain discourse strategies that more or less determine some kind of speech act. 69 69 Das heißt, der Begriff “Textsorte” wird einmal im Hinblick auf einen bestimmten Sprach- handlungstyp, ein andermal im Hinblick auf bestimmte Sprecherintentionen, ein drittes Mal Genre theory 158 In the following years, a number of studies were carried out on the basis of linguistic theories (e.g. Gniffke-Hubrig 1972, using Bühler’s organon model, Sandig 1973, drawing on speech act theory, or Marfurt 1977, using tagmemics) in order to describe the characteristic elements and structures of ‘intuitively recognized’ genres without having first developed a comprehensive genre theory. Genre descriptions focussing on configurations of features like those developed by phonology (‘distinctive features’), then adopted by structural grammar (‘componential analysis’) and now adapted to text analysis reveal, however, that this method yields only rather simplistic differentiations (cf. Sandig 1972: 122). Other studies tried to use structure formulas describing, among other things, the sequence of text components, or the characteristic macrostructure of different genres (cf. particularly Gülich and Raible 1974 and 1975). This showed very clearly that purely linguistic parameters are inad- equate for providing appropriate descriptions and differentiations of genres. Lux (1981) aptly summarizes the state of the art in genre research, trying to outline the basics of an adequate genre theory. By “adequacy”, he means what he calls “adequacy acknowledged by competence” (kompetentielle Adäquatheit), i.e. the requirement that intuitive genre classifications should be justified linguistically, avoiding “intuitively absurd classifications”, e.g. regarding “texts beginning with the letter A” or “texts with more than ten typos” as genres (cf. Lux 1981: 37). Within the framework of communication- oriented genre linguistics, the current consensus is, according to Lux, “that genre descriptions have to consider both ‘internal’ (linguistic) and ‘external’ (communicative, situational) features”, where “the former are determined by the latter”. 70 Finally, Lux proposes a basic framework for genre classification, whose fundamental dimensions are “referential” (each text maps a segment of the “world”, referring to facts, processes or objects), “interpersonal” (each text is part of a communicative interaction, aiming to influence the recipient in a certain way), and “formal” (each text has a “texture” with a particular linguistic structure of its own; cf. Lux 1981: 21). Using this framework, Lux sketches a partial matrix for the description of genres, using additional minimal pairs of features. Although he only takes into account the “referential” dimension and part of the “interpersonal” dimension, leaving the “formal” dimension aside, the matrix yields quite satisfactory results for the text corpus used and deserves further elaboration. im Hinblick auf bestimmte Sprecherstrategien gebraucht, die einen Sprachhandlungstyp mehr oder weniger prägen. (Sitta 1973: 65) 70 […] daß zur Beschreibung von Textsorten sowohl “innere” (sprachliche) als auch “äußere” (kommunikative, situative) Merkmale” [zu berücksichtigen, jedoch] “die ersteren durch die letzteren determiniert” [sind]. (Lux 1981: 35-36) |
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