Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Genre conventions as triggers of expectations
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
11.4.2 Genre conventions as triggers of expectations
Once they have recognized a genre (class) by its conventional patterns, expert readers will anticipate certain text features as well. Sometimes, these expecta- tions are limited to a particular register or style, e.g. functional style features in pragmatic texts, a matter-of-fact style in scientific or technical texts for special purposes, lively descriptions in reports; at other times, however, they may even be rather specific (cf. Sanders 1977: 166-67; Reiß 1979, where a comparison of two translations of a Spanish novella shows that, by simply changing the register, one of the translations falls under a different genre from that of the source text.) In a recipe, readers expect to find an exact list of ingredients and how they have to be used in the preparation of the dish, as well as reliable information about cooking times and temperatures for gas or electric stoves. In an animal fable, they expect an exemplary tale providing a moral, which is not spelled out explicitly but makes it possible to apply the story to everyday life (Beisbart et al. 1976: 41-42). In a journalistic ‘gloss’ 79 , the reader expects a reference to a recent event, which is commented on in a humorous and/or polemic way. If the readers’ expectations are not met, they may regard the text as defec- tive; however, such defects may make them stop and think about whether there is some purpose behind the use of ‘inappropriate’ conventions, and this may lead to new interpretations of the text or its parts, or it may fail to achieve the intended communicative result. All these possible consequences have an impact on the translation of the text. In the first case, translators will probably correct the defects if the target text is supposed to achieve the same function as the source text (unless the text is a ‘document’) and if they do not want to be accused of violating the expected conventions themselves. In the second case, they might try to imitate the deviation from the expected conventions interpreted as intentional in order to produce the same effect (perhaps that of ‘alienation’) for the target audience. In the third case, it will be impossible to adequately translate the intended sense. 79 A ‘gloss’ (in German: Glosse) is a short, pointed column referring to a topical event, distinguished from an editorial or a commentary by its polemic, often satirical, style. Its entertaining effect draws on wordplay, irony, hyperbolic expressions, literary allusions and so on. The column Streiflicht published daily on the front page of the prestigious Süd deutsche Zeitung is regarded as the most typical example of this genre, which does not have an exact equivalent in English journalism. (Translator’s note) |
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