Genre theory
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forecast), aesthetic patterns (cf. rhyme and metre, e.g. in a limerick), and even
punctuation (cf. the conventional punctuation following the salutation formula
in a letter: a comma in English, a colon in Spanish, an exclamation mark or
a comma in German).
11.3.3 Typological and genre-specific conventions
On the one hand, there are genres characterized by an abundance of different
conventions, some of which have become ‘fossilized’ to such an extent that
we may speak of stereotypes. Examples include standard tenancy agreements
(a variant of the genre ‘rental agreement’ belonging to the genre class ‘agree-
ment’) and service instructions (representing the genre class ‘instructions’). On
the other hand, there are genres characterized by only very few conventions.
Lux (1981: 260-62) has shown, for example, that a limerick (an element of
the genre class ‘poetry’) requires no more than its specific pattern of rhyme
and metre. Other genres hardly show any conventions at all, e.g. memoirs,
essays, novels and appeals (for charitable donations, for voting). It is not an
accident that these genres generally belong to the expressive or operative text
type. In these genres, the typological features are more important as guiding
signals for translational choices than the genre-specific characteristics; they
are determined less by their classification as a particular genre than by the
individual producer’s intention or the intended reaction of the addressed audi-
ence. Although they are not completely devoid of conventions with regard to
language use and text configuration, innovation and creativity usually play
a more important role in these cases. Here, a further observation may prove
even more relevant to translation: as linguistic and structural conventions can
be taught and learned (which is why they are essential for applied translation
studies), we should take care to avoid too narrow a definition of the genre
concept. Otherwise, specific conventions might be generalized unduly. We
shall therefore add complexity to the concept of genre with the concepts of
genre class and genre variant.
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