Unit 1 Nouns- otlar: singular nouns- birlik otlar plural

Formation of adverbs – ravishlarning yasalishi:
a) Biz odatda sifatga ly qo’shimchasini qo’shib ravish yasaymiz.
Slow – slowly, sekin – sekinlik bilan
b) Sifatlarimiz le harfiga tugasa e tushurib qoldiramiz, va y ni qo’shamiz.
Simple – simply Oddiy – oddiylik bilan
c) Agar sifatlarimiz undosh +y ga tugaydigan bo’lsa ravishga o’zgartirganimizda y ni tushurib qoldirib o’rniga -ily ni qo’shamiz.
Angry – angrily jaxlli – jaxl bilan.
d) Sifatlarimiz –l ga tugaydigan bo’lsa – ly ni qo’shamiz va ravishga aylanadi.
Careful – carefully extiyotkor – extiyotkorlik bilan
Irregular adverbs – Noto’g’ri ravishlar
Ba’zi bir ravishlar yuqoridagi ravishlarga o’xshab yasalmaydi. Ularning ko’rinishlari ham sifatga o’xshashi mumkin yoki boshqacha bo’lishi mumkin.
Adjective – sifat Adverb - ravish
Good yaxshi well
Fast tez (lik bilan) fast
Hard qiyin hard
Early erta early
Late kech late
Look – ko’rinmoq, smell – hidi kelmoq, sound – eshitilmoq, feel – his qilmoq, taste – ta’mi kelmoq + adjective – sifat
Look, smell, sound, feel, taste fe’llaridan keyin ravish emas sifat keladi.
They look happy. – Ularning ko’rinishi hursand. (Bu gap xato: they look happily)
He feels terrible. U o’zini yomon xis qilyapti. (bu gap xato: he feels terribly)
Comparisons – qiyosiy darajalar
1. Positive degree – Oddiy daraja
This house is big. It is also expensive.
Bu uy katta. U yana qimmatdir.
2. Comparative degree – Qiyosiy daraja
This house is bigger than the first. Bu uy birinchisiga qaraganda kattaroq.
It is also more expensive. Va u yana qimmatroqdir.
3. Superlative degree – Orttirma daraja
This house is the biggest and the most expensive of all. Bu uy hammasidan eng katta va eng qimmatdir.
* Sifatlarning uchta darajasi bo’ladi. 1 oddiy daraja, 2 qiyosiy daraja, 3 orttirma darajalardir.
* Biz qiyosiy daraja + than (dan ko’ra) ikki odam yoki ikki narsalarni taqqoslaganimizda ishlatamiz.
Tom is taller than Richard. Tom Richarddan balandroq.
Russia is larger than Australia. – Rossiya Avstraliyadan kattaroqdir.
* Biz orttirma daraja + of/in ni uch yoki undan ortiq odamlarni yoki narsalarni taqqoslaganimizda ishlatamiz.
Chris is the tallest of all. – Kris hammadan baland.
Biz in ni joylar haqida gapirganimizda ishlatamiz.
Russia is the largest country in the world. – Rossiya dunyodagi eng katta mamlakatdir. (joylarga nisbatan in ni ishlatamiz of ni emas.)
* Qiyosiy va orttrima darajalarning yasalishi: bir va ikki bo’g’inli sifatalrning qiyosiy darajasida sifatning o’zagiga –er ni qo’shamiz va orttirma darajasida esa sifatning o’zagiga – est ni qo’shamiz. Fast – faster – fastest, tez-tezroq-eng tez. Agar sifatlarimiz uch va undan ortiq bo’g’indan iborat bo’lsa qiyosiy darajasini yasaganimizda sifatdan oldin more qo’yiladi va orttirma darajasida esa sifatdan oldin most qo’yiladi.
Beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful
Chiroyli – chiroyliroq – eng chiroyli
Ba’zi bir sifatlar yuqoridagi ikki usulda ham yasaladi ya’ni qiyosiy darajada o’zagiga –er ni ham qo’shsak bo’ladi yoki sifatning oldidan more so’zini qo’ysak bo’ladi. Orttirma darajada esa sifatning o’zagiga –est ni qo’shib yasasak ham bo’ladi yoki sifatning oldidan most so’zini qo’ysak ham bo’laveradi.
Bu sifatlar quyidagilardir: