Ургенчского филиала Ташкентского университета

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“Young Scientist” .  #29.3 (133.3) .  December 2016
From the first glance, it may seem that «false friends of 
translators» is able to enter misleading only people who start 
learning the language and poor knowledge of them. In fact, 
as noted by the researchers of this lexical category, the situ-
ation is the opposite: the majority of «false friends» (except 
the few most obvious cases, mainly related to homonymy) is 
dangerous for individuals, confident and almost satisfactorily 
using language, although not reaching the degree of bilin-
gualism adequate unmixed and therefore allowing the false 
identification of individual elements of the systems of for-
eign and native languages. So, there are numerous semantic 
calques and violations of lexical compatibility or stylistic co-
herence not only in the processes of use of foreign language, 
but when translating into their native language and even in 
the original usage of words in their native language.
Although the issue of «false friends of translators» at-
tracted the attention of many specialists in translation and 
teaching of foreign (and even second) language, a detailed 
examination of this category of words for the vast majority of 
languages missing. Not to mention the short, more or less 
random lists in separate articles and educational publica-
tions, there can be called, in fact, only bilingual dictionaries 
on the French and [3] English, Spanish and French [4], 
German and French [5], Russian and Polish [6] languages.
Many dictionaries of this kind combines the peculiarity 
that they are not a substitute — for the words — the usual 
bilingual dictionaries, and collections are unique, often valu-
able, but sometimes random comments. Such comments are 
aimed at the prevention of errors when using a foreign lan-
guage, sometimes at improving the quality of translations on 
native language, and even just to improve the culture of na-
tive speech. In theoretical and practical respects, more useful 
dictionaries of «false friends of translators», giving the de-
scription of all values that are peculiar to each word, and re-
flecting his stylistic, emotionally expressive, major grammat-
ical features and lexical combinability.
Depending on the specific application purpose of a bilin-
gual dictionary, the method of the description of the words 
in it may be different. The description vocabulary can be pro-
duced in the own terms of the described language (from the 
standpoint of his own system), as in monolingual explanatory 
словарях1). Installed in this case, the values can be called 
absolute. Each of these are set in opposition to other, related, 
meanings of the language. This is reflected in the dictionary, 
where the meaning of the word is described in contrast to 
the related values of more common descent, and then a more 
private, specific order. So, the basic meaning of the English 
word fruit is defined as «the part of the plant or tree that con-
tains seeds suitable for food (including, for example, apples, 
pears, peaches, bananas, plums, cherries, etc.)»: here the 
lexicographer is based on many oppositions inherent to spe-
cific lexical-semantic subsystem (dictionary) of the English 
language. This kind of values underlie the practical mas-
tering of language as a communication tool.
On the other hand, for use when transferring more conve-
nient bilingual dictionaries that give the mapping of the vo-
cabulary of the foreign and native languages. Here is the de-
scription of the semantics of the language words is produced 
from the position of some other language. The technique of 
such description can be twofold. First, both languages are 
«apologise», ie, are described in parallel, and the basis of 
comparison is a third language (including the corresponding 
meta-language of science, a system of graphic images, etc.). 
An example is illustrious-bathrooms bilingual dictionaries 
series. Second, the meaning of words of the source language 
can be described through the prism of the system of values of 
a second language that more or less consistently and is done 
in a bilingual transfer dictionaries. Obtained in this descrip-
tion of the lexical meaning can be called relative. They are es-
tablished by projecting systems of the absolute values of the 
source language into systems absolute values of the target 
language, and the results of the description (i. e. translation 
equivalents) are valid only for a given pair of languages, one-
sided and irreversible. So, the value of the English word fruit 
is reflected in the English-Russian dictionary in the form of 
two relative values: «fruit» (e. g., apples, etc.) and «berry» 
(for example, about the cherries and the cherries). But, of 
course, here still it is impossible to conclude on the transfer 
of absolute Russian values «fruit» and «berry» in the En-
glish language: this requires detailed consideration of the re-
flection of these values in the corresponding lexical-semantic 
subsystem of the English language.
Frequent evaluation of the differences, sometimes so-
cially constructed, socio-political vocabulary: in the reac-
tionary bourgeois circles of English-speaking countries the 
word propaganda is often commonly team is being built with 
the concept of «lie», «deceit of public opinion. However, 
in the discourse of progressive journalism these words free 
from disapproving of color and can be used in positive con-
texts, reflecting the proliferation and in-depth study of any of 
the ideas, teachings and persons engaged in relevant work. 
Completely neutral and not recorded by most dictionaries the 
meaning of the word propaganda »persuasion, conviction«, 
is widely represented in modern English and American liter-
ature. Russian words propaganda, a propagandist neutral in 
emotional-expressive attitude, and can be used in the var-
ious governmental contexts. In recent decades, they are still 
widely used in relation to the Soviet reality in the sense of 
»dissemination of knowledge of cultural values» (a combi-
nation of type promotion of scientific knowledge, pedagogical 
propaganda, propaganda art, propaganda literature, etc.); 
however, the first cases of the synonymous use of words edu-
cator and advocate date back to the XIX century.
Differences in lexical compatibility of the corresponding 
Russian and English words pose significant challenges in the 
study of languages and the translation, but, as a rule, have 
not been sufficiently incorporated in the bilingual dictio-
naries. This assumes that such difficulties are almost always 
avoidable with regular (not machine) translation, because 
the translators based on your language instinct, «feel», in 
any valid combinations recommended in the dictionary word. 
This is mainly true in the native language, but usually to a 

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